The Rise and Expansion of Rome EQ: How did Roman Republic work and how did it become an empire? Why did Christianity grow so powerful?

Origins of Rome Rome began as a settlement (community) near center of modern day Italy. Settlement was along the Tiber River near Apennines Mountain Range. Allowed for productive farmland Trade Protected from Invasion This peninsula was home to 3 groups of people from 700 to 500 B.C. -Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans Latins were first to build this settlement along Tiber River (first Romans) – built on series of 7 hills

A Kingdom Emerges Rome was ruled by many kings since 8th century (701 B.C.) Last king was Tarquin the Proud Ruled harshly (cruel) 510 B.C. Romans remove Tarquin from power Government is based on the will of the people, or a Republic. Republic – government were power rests with citizens King Tarquin Many of the kings that ruled during this time were related to the Etruscans (a powerful groups from Northern Italy that had great impact on Roman culture). Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (died 495 BC) was the legendary seventh and final king of Rome, reigning from 535 BC until the popular uprising in 509 that led to the establishment of the Roman Republic. He is commonly known as Tarquin the Proud, from his cognomen Superbus (Latin for "proud, arrogant, lofty"). Romans remove Tarquin from power – they don’t want to live under his harsh ruling They want their government to be based on peoples’ will Check for Understanding: What brought an end to the Kingdom of Rome?

FYI: Republic? Sound Familiar? What do we say when we say the Pledge of Allegiance? What kind of government do we have? What does this mean? Republic is a form of government where citizens elect the leaders they want to represent them. We call this form of government a democracy. This system is a model for many democratic nations around the world.

From Republic to Empire Rome was a Republic for 500 years All free-born males could vote Women could not vote Laws were created to protect basic liberties

Roman Republic Government consisted 2 leaders (or Consuls) and a Senate Consuls ruled for 1 year Senate kept a check on Consuls power As a republic the average Roman citizens had a voice in government However, the wealthy made sure that they had control of the Republic Women had few rights (not seen as equal to men) even though they were citizens of Rome Women could not be part of any political office -Basic liberties would include; right to vote, right to a trial, and right to own property. -Romans wanted to ensure that no one person would have too much power (REMEMBER TARQUIN? – They didn’t want that to happen again. -The Senate was the Roman lawmaking body (made the laws) – Sound Familiar? CONGRESS (House of Representatives and Senate). Roman Senate

FYI: U.S. Government President Congress Three branches keep check so that no branch of government has too much power. Supreme Court

Roman Army Romans had a powerful and Organized Army Helped Expand their territory Brought new resources to Rome 264 -146 B.C. Romans defeated Carthage in Punic Wars Romans get control of Mediterranean Sea With such a power army, Romans will eventually conquer all of modern day Italy and surrounding lands. -Punic wars were a series of wars that happened during 264 B.C. to 146 B.C. were Romans fought against a powerful North African civilization known as Carthage. What benefits do Romans have with control of the Mediterranean Sea?

Decline of the Republic Tensions between different classes in Roman society grew as Empire grew larger. 45 B.C. Julius Caesar brought order to Rome Name himself sole ruler of Rome Brought an end to the Roman Republic -Cleopatra Queen of Egypt was Caesar’s Mistress (She later married Mark Antony – a famous Roman General)

Beware the Ides of March 3/15/44 B.C. Julius Caesar was stabbed to death on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 BC by a group of 60 Roman Senators and Politicians on the floor of the Roman Senate. Among the head leaders of the conspiracy was Marcus Junius Brutus. Politicians feared that Caesar would destroy the Republic by becoming Dictator for life. Caesar and Marcus were very close. Caesar viewed him like a son. Little did Caesar know that Brutus was a leader in a plot to execute Caesar as a tyrant.

Augustus After Caesar’s death, his son Octavian will rule Rome Octavian takes the title of Augustus meaning “Divine One”

Rome Becomes an Empire Under Augustus rule Rome becomes an Empire Empire – group of different cultures or territories led by a single ruler Augustus becomes emperor Starts a period known as Pax Romana or “Roman Peace” (27 B.C. to 180 A.D.) Augustus is a careful and brilliant leader -He uses his power to create a strong government - Senate is represents citizens but has little power

Rome as an Empire By 100 AD Rome reached its largest size. Ruled over 2 million square miles Over 100 million people Approximately 60 million people lied under this rule including: Celts, Germans, North Africans, Greeks, Syrians, Jews, and Egyptians

Rise of Christianity At height of Rome’s power a new religion, Christianity, was spreading Jesus viewed as threat by Roman leaders Had many followers Authorities arrested Jesus and put him to death Followers continued to follow and spread Christianity throughout the Empire Christianity – religion based on teachings of Jesus Christians believed that Jesus is the son of God Jesus born in Roman providence of Judea around 6 to 4 B.C. He was a member of the Jews (practiced Judaism) Jesus teachings included Belief in a single God To love God and neighbors as well as enemies That God had a kingdom in heaven for those that follow his teachings Christians believe Jesus rose fro the dead and went to heaven Those who continued to follow his teachings did so with great risk as they were imprisoned and even killed -Yet still Christianity spread -As the empire grew weaker Christianity grew stronger

Summary Complete a 10-15 sentence summary explaining you essential questions as well as further information addressed in your notes (give detail).