Treatment Technologies Presented by Mr. Praveen Nagaraj CDD Society, Bengaluru Date: 18/01/2017 Place: Bhagalpur, Bihar Under Sanitation Capacity Platform (SCBP)

We have sanitation challenges! Sanitation Capacity Building Platform What is it? Collaborative effort by NIUA for Mainstreaming Fecal Sludge Management at the state level and national sanitation agenda. Working with Expert Partner organsiations for FSM solutions, upscaling of capacity building and national level advoacy with the NFSSM group. We can help you! We have sanitation challenges! WASHi ULB

What is the current practise of FS Disposal? Disposed in farm land Disposed in river or water bodies Disposed in Solid waste landfill sites??

Farm Lands Heavy concentration of nutrients – affect plant growth High risk of Faecal oral contamination for communities living near farmlands Transmission through surface runoff or rodents No single point source for disposal – Regulatory difficulties

Water bodies High Risk hazard – Faecal oral contamination Out break of diseases across population Eutrophication of water bodies – Impact of flora and fauna and usage of water Frothing of water bodies – unpleasant smell and visual

Treatment What can treatment do? Reduce Smell and visually displeasing outputs Stabilising the sludge to reduce health and environmental risks Dedicated place for disposal – easy to regulate Revenue generating end products Public health Resource recovery – economic , Social benefit

Factors Quality: Type of containment Quantity estimation Raw material Frequency Technology O&M requirement End Product pathogen stabilization Skill Active/Passive

Technology Options

Organic Load Reduction Treatment – Objectives Selection of treatment options based on achievement of following objectives Priority Pathogen Removal Organic Load Reduction Reuse Highest Lowest

Treatment – Approach 1 2 3 4 5 6 Separation of solids Sludge stabilization 3 Dewatering / Drying Sludge percolate treatment 4 5 Disinfection 6 Safe disposal / Reuse

Possible Treatment Options Source: Fecal sludge management systems approach for implementation and Operation, IWA Publications, 2014

Solid Liquid Separation and Dewatering Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds Sludge Drying Beds Planted Sludge Drying Beds

Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds Settling tanks provide a liquid retention time of a few hours (to ensure settling of Settleable solids) Sedimentation ponds provide a liquid retention of few days or several weeks designed on Desired depth and Quantity of accumulating solids The accumulating solids have to be removed and treated further

Sludge Drying Beds It is a shallow filter tank filled with graded gravel mainly used for dewatering of stabilized sludge Graded filter media of different diameter used for the depth of 50-60cm depth with the top layer as sand Approximately 50-80% of the liquid drains of as filtrate and 20-50% due to evaporation The depth of sludge applied per loading is not more than 30cm Sludge drying period range of 10-20 days depending on the temperature

Planted Sludge Drying Beds FS is loaded with layers of sludge that are subsequently dewatered and stabilized through multiple physical and biological mechanisms The beds consist of gravel/sand/soil filter planted with plants such as reeds, cattails, bulrushes Liquid fraction flows vertically downwards through media and is collected at bottom and treated separately Sludge retention time is 2-3 years depending on sludge loading rate TS

Stabilization/Treatment Co-treatment with Wastewater Co – Composting with Municipal Solid waste Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas digester LaDePa pelletizer Mechanical Treatment Options

Co-treatment with Wastewater Septage addition at the nearest sewer manhole, upstream of STP Septage addition at STP Septage addition to Sludge Digesters / Sludge Drying Beds

Co – Composting with Municipal solid waste Co-composting is a mixture of organic solid waste and faecal sludge with pre-defined moisture content (40-60%) at specified condition Human waste is rich with Nitrogen and moisture content; solid waste has high organic carbon content Co – composting of Faecal Sludge and organic solid waste range from 1: 2 – 1:10 depending on the Faecal Sludge characteristics and its water content

Anaerobic Digestion This process ensure effective sludge digestion and stabilization During digestion: Organic matter is converted to biogas The stabilized sludge (digestate) utilized as soil conditioner The SRT is maintained for 10-15 days Removal of accumulated solids from the digester remain a challenge

Mechanical Treatment Options The technologies used to treat wastewater sludges are also applicable for Faecal Sludge namely: Belt Filter Press Screw Press Centrifuge Advantages of mechanical treatment options include compactness and speed of the process Limitations of mechanical treatment options include high investment costs, O&M and electricity requirements

Mechanical Treatment Options

LaDePa pelletizer Modifying a commercially available pyrolysis unit and adding dewatering and water treatment units. Pyrolysis is a process which decomposes matter using heat in the absence of oxygen.

LaDePa Pelletizer

LaDePa Lets visit South Africa to see how they have mechanised faecal sludge treatment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDVelAK9j6U

Lime Treatment Objective of lime addition is to achieve reduction of pathogens, odor and degradable organic matter The level of digestion depends on the degree of the initial stabilisation of FS, the temperature, and on the retention time inside the tank As per the experience in order to achieve the desired results, it is proposed to 5 kg of lime per cum of sludge

Geo-tube bags Geo bags are porous tubular containers fabricated with high strength woven geo-textiles (polyethylene material) mainly used for dewatering sludge . Bags will help to achieve the capture of 98% of solids from the sludge Polymer will added to increase the solid settling Filtrates from the container should be collected and treated properly before discharge

Anaerobic based approach for Faecal sludge treatment Faecal Sludge/Septage Screen Chamber Sand and grit removal Settling Tank Separation - free water Anaerobic digester Stabilization Liquid-solid separation Solids Liquid Disposal Liquid Treatment Effluent is discharged into agricultural fields, drain or water body DEWATS Unplanted drying bed Dewatering Co-composting Disinfection Enriching fertilizer value Regular operator is required. O&M is simple Capital cost is high and recurrent cost is minimal Large area requirement (UG+OG) Suitable for large quantity (20cum) Good treatment efficiency Regular feeding is not a issue End product is compost. Can be used as soil conditioner Cost- INR: 25,000-40,000/cum

Mineralization based approach for Faecal sludge treatment Faecal Sludge/Septage Screen Chamber Sand and grit removal Planted Drying beds Stabilization Co-composting Dewatering Solids Liquid End product is compost. Can be used as soil conditioner Disposal Liquid Treatment Effluent is discharged into agricultural fields, drain or water body DEWATS Disinfection Commonly practiced technique due to simplicity Moderate capital cost, Low recurring cost Large area requirement Good treatment efficiency Location of the treatment system may be an issue – odor, flies Operation and mainatainace may be an issue – acceptance Regular feeding may be an issue Cost- INR: 40,000-60,000/cum

Anaerobic Digestion and Drying beds Lets visit a treatment plant in Thailand to see how anaerobic digestion and drying beds are used in series for Faecal sludge treatment https://vimeo.com/147277607

Criteria: Selection of Technology Quality and Quantity of FS Land Availability / Location O&M Availability CAPEX / OPEX End use requirement / Business model Short term vs Long term Climatic conditions

END USE

Key considerations People’s needs and preferences (socio-cultural); Local materials, products and skills; Economic viability; Additional barriers; Regulatory aspects

Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Agriculture Protein for animal feed End Use Methodologies END - USE Methodology DESCRIPTION Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Agriculture Treated faecal sludge and urine can be applied to soil to improve plant growth by a) increasing nutrients b) improving the physical structure of the soil. Biogas Faecal sludge is mixed with organic waste to produce biogas and digestate. Biogas is used as energy source for lighting and boiling Solid Fuel Dried faecal sludge can replace other fuels such as wood and charcoal, which are more expensive and damaging to the local environment Protein for animal feed Animals such as larvae feed on faecal sludge and provide a protein source for farm animals and fish Aquaculture Faecal sludge is fed to aquatic organisms such as fish and aquatic plants. These aquatic organisms can then be eaten directly used as animal feed or used as fertilizers

Thank You CDD Society Survey No.205 (Opp. Beedi Workers Colony) Kommaghatta Road, Bandemath Kengeri Satellite Town Bangalore 560 060, India Tel/Fax: +91-(0) 80 – 28486700 bangalore@cddindia.org www.niua.org National Institute of Urban Affairs Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road New Delhi 110003 011-24617517, 24643284 agupta@niua.org, jdash@niua.org