KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike. Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Animal-like protists consume other organisms. heterotrophs single-celled

Plantlike protists are photosynthetic. single-celled, colonial, or multicellular no roots, stems, or leaves

Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms. heterotrophs can move, whereas fungi cannot

Endosymbiotic Theory -How Eukaryotes came to be- Scientists think protists were the first eukaryotes to evolve. Endosymbiosis refers to one species living within another (the host) Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger prokaryotic host cells Formed cell organelles chloroplast mitochondria

Protists are difficult to classify. Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.

Protist classification will likely change. Some protists are not closely related. Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

KEY CONCEPT Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move. They are classified by how they move.

Animal-like protists move in various ways. Animal-like protists are often called protozoa. macronucleus food vacuole oral groove micronucleus contractile vacuole cilia

Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates PHYLUM Zoomastigophora flagella help zooflagellates swim more than 2000 zooflagellates

D. PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGOPHORA Flagellates- move using flagella Free living by absorbing dead or decaying organic matter OR some are parasites EX:Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps termite digest wood) Trichomonas vaginalis: an STD

Zoomastigophora Tsetse Fly: carries Trypanosoma to humans; in other words, it’s a Vector for African Sleeping Sickness American Sleeping Sickness (Chagas disease) – carried by reduviid bug

Phylum Zoomastigophora

Some protists move with pseudopods. change shape as they move amoebas

Pseudopods- (“fake feet”) used for feeding and locomotion. Saltwater and freshwater Asexual reproduction Food vacuole pseudopods nucleus

Some protists move with pseudopods. change shape as they move amoebas PHYLUM Rhizopoda Forams – PHYLUM Foraminifera

Cliffs of Dover

Some protozoa move with cilia PHYLUM Ciliophora. cilia help protists swim and capture food more than 8000 ciliates macronucleus food vacuole oral groove micronucleus contractile vacuole cilia

Ciliates – Use Cilia for movement. A. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA Ciliates – Use Cilia for movement. found in fresh and salt water Draw and label p.543

Phylum Cilophora paramecium

Phylum Cilophora

Phylum Ciliophora TWO KINDS OF NUCLEI: Macronucleus – controls daily functions such as feeding, eliminating waste, and maintaining water balance Micronucleus – used for reproduction

Phylum Ciliophora Reproduce Asexually, but maintain genetic variation through Conjugation: exchange genetic info

Phylum Apicomplexa Protists that do not move. Form sporozoites Ex. Plasmosdium

It’s Vector: Anopheles Mosquito C. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA Sporozoans- Form spores at some point in their life cycle. Lack locomotion Sexual and Asexual reproduction Intestinal parasites Plasmodium (Malaria) It’s Vector: Anopheles Mosquito

Some animal-like protists cause disease. sporozoites human liver liver cells developed parasites red blood cells Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes. Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by Tsetse flies. American Sleeping Sickness (Chagas disease) – carried by reduviid bug A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water. Malaria Infection

KEY CONCEPT Algae are plantlike protists.

Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular. Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae. Most perform photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll (green pigment) and possibly secondary pigments Classified by their pigment color colony daughter colony

Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists. Phylum Euglenophyta mostly photosynthetic some heterotrophic single-celled one or two flagella some animal like traits pellicle nucleus chloroplast eye spot contractile vacuole flagellum

Euglenoids Have an “eye spot” that is sensitive to light.

have stiff protective plates can cause red tide Phylum Dinoflagellata - Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists. have two flagella may be bioluminescent have stiff protective plates can cause red tide Produce a lethal nerve toxin Dinoflagellates

Phyla of Algae Dinoflagellates- “The spinning ones” 2 flagella at right angles to each other, causes it to spin as it moves. Mostly found in saltwater. Can be bioluminescent: Glow

ALGAL BLOOMS: In good conditions, will reproduce in GREAT numbers. Dinoflagellates ALGAL BLOOMS: In good conditions, will reproduce in GREAT numbers. Clog fish gills Die, decompose, and deplete the oxygen supply, suffocating marine life.

Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells. shells made of silica (glass) produce large amounts of oxygen Phylum Bacillariophyta

Phyla of Algae Diatoms- “The Golden Boxes” A. DIATOMS Phyla of Algae Diatoms- “The Golden Boxes” Made of chlorophyll (green) & carotenoids (golden-yellow) Reproduction- sexual and asexual. Cell wall- made of hard silica (glass)

Diatoms Made of 2 halves: The smaller half fits inside the bigger half, like a box and lid. Store their food as oil, so they float at the top of the water where they can get sunlight for photosynthesis.

Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments. Yellow/green algae contain carotenoids Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b. Brown algae contain chlorophyll c. Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

Chrysophytes- “The Colonists” D. Phylum Chrysophyta Chrysophytes- “The Colonists” Yellow-Brown secondary pigments (carotenoids) Form colonies- a group of cells that live in close association.

Phylum Phaeophyta E. Brown Algae Brown algae- “The Brown Ones” Fucoxanthin pigments Multicellular Largest algae Ex: Giant Kelp can grow up to 30-60 cm a day.

Brown Algae Used to make a variety of products As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream Used as food for animals (processed) Ex. Giant Kelp

Brown Algae

F. GREEN ALGAE Phylum Chlorophyta Green algae- “The Green Ones” Mostly freshwater Very similar to plant cell walls Chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll pigments

Green Algae Scientists think the first plants may have evolved from green algae.

Phylum Rhodophyta Red algae- “The Red Ones” Warm saltwater habitats G. RED ALGAE Phylum Rhodophyta Red algae- “The Red Ones” Warm saltwater habitats Perform photosynthesis Even at depths of 100 meters! Red & blue secondary pigments (phycobilins).

Red Algae Seaweed

Red Algae Example: Red moss

Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually. All algae can reproduce asexually. Multicellular algae can fragment. Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

Some algae produce sexually. Some species alternation of generations. Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

KEY CONCEPT Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.

Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists. Slime molds have both funguslike and animallike traits. decomposers, like fungi - absorb nutrients through cell wall can move, like animals - use spores to reproduce classified by body form

Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular. Plasmodial slime molds (Phylum Myxomycota) are giant cells with many nuclei. Cellular slime molds (Phylum Acrasiomycota) contain independent cells.

Myxomycota - plasmodium KNOW This Cycle!

Myxomycota

Phylum Acrasiomycota colony & fruiting body aggregating amoebas

Acrasiomycota Life Cycle KNOW this Cycle!

Water molds (Phylum Oomycota) are freshwater, funguslike protists. one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s made of branching strands of cells can be parasites of plants or fish

Oomycota Life Cycle Examples: water molds downy mildews white rusts

Water mold Downy mildew White rust

Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains PROTISTS IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS ECOLOGICAL ROLES Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains Carry out more than 30-40% of Earth’s photosynthesis Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in check