Faecal Sludge Management for Indian Towns By CDD Society 21st September, 2016

1. Introduction to CDD 2. FSM in India : The Challenge 3. Faecal Sludge Treatment 4. Other Thoughts for FSM

CDD : Introduction Est. 2002 70 Professionals 21 Partner Orgs. Decentralized Solutions Technical Training Consulting Services Wastewater Treatment Faecal Sludge Mgmt Research and Knowledge 400+ DEWATS designed Labs, Classrooms, Models 650+ Engineers Trained Resource Center, MDWSS 10+ FSTPs designed globally

1. Introduction to CDD 2. FSM in India : The Challenge 3. Faecal Sludge Treatment 4. Other Thoughts for FSM

Options All cities need combination of approaches—no single system can reach 100% of households of a town or city Approach Notes CapEx per Capita 1. Centralized Sewerage Systems Difficult and disruptive Many failed / partial treatment Suitable for large, dense cities Rs 12,000-25,000 [pop 200,000= Rs 300Cr] 2. De-centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems Implement in phased manner Local re-cycling of water Regulations—private parties invest Rs 6,000-8,000 [Rs 120Cr] 3. Faecal Sludge Management Very simple, quick and low cost Need good logistics operations Technical skills not easily available Rs 600-1,000 [Rs 16 Cr]

Shit Flow Diagram : Today Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/ Disposal 1.4% 0.1% Centralized System (12%) Decentralized systems (2%) Legally dumped (9%) Effectively Treated (1.4%) Not Effectively Treated (6%) 14% WC 36% On-Site Facility Safely Emptied (31%) Safely Abandoned (0.09%) Illegally dumped (22%) Effectively Treated (6%) 6% 50% 5% 13% 22% Domestic Environment Receiving Waters Agriculture field 93% Not Effectively Treated (0.6%) 7% Not Effectively Treated (9.21%) Un-Safely Emptied (5%) 50% OD / Open Discharge Data Source Census 2011

SFD : Urban India, 2020 Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/ Disposal 5% 2% Centralized System (20%) Decentralized systems (6%) Legally dumped (12%) Effectively Treated (5%) Not Effectively Treated (3%) 26% WC 59% On-Site Facility Safely Emptied (52%) Safely Abandoned (2%) Leakages (5%) Illegally dumped (40%) Effectively Treated (12%) 12% 7% 15% 34% 20% 5% Domestic Environment Receiving Waters Agriculture field 81% Not Effectively Treated (1%) 19% Not Effectively Treated (30%) Un-Safely Emptied (7%) 15% OD / Open Discharge

FSM Value Chain By 2020, 60%+ of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers We need better than World-Class FSM Solutions

1. Introduction to CDD 2. FSM in India : The Challenge 3. Faecal Sludge Treatment 4. Other Thoughts for FSM

De-sludging Services (Trucks) FSM = De-sludging Services (Trucks) Treatment (FSTP) Trained Operators Prompt Service GPS Tracking Meet Standards Re-use by-products Scheduled Cleaning Customer Service Reporting to ULB GIS Maps Control Center Policy and Enforcement

Treatment Plant : Key Considerations Close to de-sludging areas (area required) Easily accessible location Deal with variable daily quantity / characteristics Low cost (and simple) to operate Clean and Odourless (NIMBY) Scalable and Modular

Devanahalli, Karnataka Location Devanahalli, 39km NE of Bangalore Population ~32,000 Area 16 Sq. Km. (5x Central Park, NY) Toilets 6,400 (90% with Tanks/Pits) Wat-San Status Little water and No sewer system Very supporting TMC!

The Site

The Site

The Treatment Plant

The Treatment Plant

Treatment Plant 500,000 Liters Treated Capacity: 20,000 people (7,000 LPD) CapEx: Rs. 80 Lacs (Rs 400 / capita) OpEx: Rs. 5 + 6 Lacs / Year (Rs 60 / capita / year) Area: 600m2 500,000 Liters Treated

Odourless │ Beautiful │ Simple │ Re-use │ MIHOP The Treatment Process Anaerobic Treatment Odourless │ Beautiful │ Simple │ Re-use │ MIHOP

Further Improvements Quicker Drying (solar heating, turning) Reduce drying bed area (mechanical) Meet new BOD standards (<10; bacteria cultures) Improve compost quality (co-composting) Lower Cost and Simplicity

Planted Drying Bed Sludge directly dumped into drying bed Percolate may need post-treatment Bio-solids also should be treated Suitable in low water table, no-flooding areas

Other Options Deep Row Entrenchment Unplanted Drying Beds Vermi-Composting Black Soldier Flies Planted Drying Beds Anaerobic Digestion Mechanised De-Watering Omni-Processors (Pyrolysis etc)

Treatment Plant : Key Considerations Planted Drying Bed Anaerobic Digestion E-M / OP Close to de-sludging areas (area reqd.) Deal with variable quantity / character Low cost (and simple) to operate Clean and Odourless (NIMBY) Scalable and Modular CapEx / Capita OpEx / Capita / Year Difficult Yes Maybe Yes Maybe Yes Absolutely Yes No No Yes Maybe Yes Yes Maybe Rs 250-300 Rs 400-600 Rs 1,000+ Rs 10-50 Rs 40-60 Rs 200+

1. Introduction to CDD 2. FSM in India : The Challenge 3. Faecal Sludge Treatment 4. Other Thoughts for FSM

Step-by-Step Implementation Devanahalli’s Roadmap to holistic FSM DMA Bought Truck; ULB Started offering Service * Built Treatment Plant for Safe Treatment of Sludge/ Septage Integrated O&M Contract for Truck + Treatment Plant Implement FSM Policy - Licensing - Penalties - Monitoring

Recommended Process Quick Data Analysis Build FSTP(s) O&M and Training FSM Policy Single Private Party to operate FSTP and Govt. Trucks Cluster-Approach (80-200km radius)

Investment Required (Rs.) Population CapEx : Trucks CapEx : Plant CapEx : Total OpEx / Year 30,000 25 Lacs 2 Cr 20 Lacs 100,000 75 Lacs 6 Cr 7 Cr 55 Lacs 250,000 1.75 Cr 15 Cr 17 Cr 1.2 Cr 500,000 3.50 Cr 30 Cr 34 Cr 2.0 Cr

Next Steps : PPPs Construct and Manage Service Contracts PPP (HAM) Process Govt Builds Govt Operates Govt builds. Private Operates Private Player Co-Build and Operate CapEx by Govt 100% 30-50% + land CapEx by Pvt. -- 50-70% OpEx by Govt. 70-100% 50-80% Contract Period 3-5 yrs 12-20 yrs

Thank You

Operating Cost (INR/Month) DEWATSTM Re-use of water for non-contact applications (gardening, road washing, flushing, agriculture) No electricity—O&M 70% lower than comparable technologies 500+ systems in India: 1,000 – 1 Million Liters per Day Cost of treated water: Rs 8-15/m3 (depends on size of system) KLD No. of Homes Capital Cost (INR Lacs) Cost/Capita (INR) Operating Cost (INR/Month) 1,000 1,500 190 2,500 70,000 150 250 45 3,600 25,000 10 20 8 8,000 6,000

Notable Installations Aravind Eye Hospital IIT Gandhinagar Kolhapur Municipal Corp. MMRDA Head office, Mumbai ITC Pepsi MPR, Meherabad Good Earth Residences Bangalore Metro Asian Development Bank Pune Municipal Corporation Government of Nepal Anna University

A Large DEWATS Under Construction

Example 1: Hospital In front of the Hospital—part of the natural landscaping

Example 2: At a Housing Society Under car park area of housing complex

Example 3: Urban Landscape Under sidewalk of urban area—no dedicated space required

Example 5a: Bangalore Metro Pre-fabricated modules—quick installation

Example 5b: Bangalore Metro Same as previous photo—under city sidewalk—no space needed