Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghanistan Conference on Sanitation 2016 Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) Farhad Safi, Urban Wastewater and Sanitation Expert, GIZ-WSIP 23rd November 2016

Sludge Management (before) Even the urban population traditionally used water saving dry-toilets The faeces was typically mixed with ash or soil and used in agriculture Source: all images WSIP, GIZ, 2014

Sludge Management (now) Traditional sanitation is increasingly being replaced with water based on-site facilities (60%). But, they create problems, because: The holding tanks are not water tight Sludge is not emptied regularly The emptying is not regulated and is expensive. The sludge is not treated Source: all images WSIP, GIZ, 2014

What is Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)? Faecal Sludge: Comprises all liquid and semi-liquid contents of pits and vaults accumulating in on-site sanitation installations (latrine, toilets , septic tanks and etc.) EAWAG SANDEC 2008,pg 4 FSM is a management system that safely collects, transports, and treats fecal sludge (also called septage) from pit latrines, septic tanks or other onsite sanitation facilities. Photo Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Sewer network pumping stations MDGs Treatment plant Sewer network pumping stations Water closet Sewerage Treatment plant Vacuum truck Transfer Primary emptying Latrine or septic tank Fecal Sludge Management for on-site systems

Sewer network pumping stations SDGs Targets Treatment plant Sewer network pumping stations Water closet Sewerage Treatment plant Vacuum truck Transfer Primary emptying Latrine or septic tank Fecal Sludge Management for on-site systems

Causes, Problems and Effects of missing FSM Low Political will, Poor awareness Inadequate legal and regulatory basis causes Lack of coordination between FS Stakeholders Irregular frequency of emptying Indiscriminate dumping and reuse of FS Problem Mixed waste dumping Inadequate financial capacity All cities will not have underground sewer Topographical Constraints Economical Efficiency Unplanned Areas Low Density Area More than 90% of the population use onsite sanitation systems in Kabul City Core Problem: Effects of the FSM Urban Land Use Water Resources ( Surface Water and Ground Water) Water Supply Solid Waste and Storm Water Management Municipality, existing service providers and stakeholders are brought together to craft regulations, creating sustainable operating models and participating in the training, thus will enable the service providers to work under a legal framework. A treatment plant is then implemented Semi-centralised FS treatment – a strategic tool to minimize costs, indiscriminate dumping, health risks and water pollution. (Montangero et al., 2002, p. 3–4) Environment Contamination Effects High risk of transmission of gastro-intestinal infections, Morbidity and Mortality

Types of Access to Sanitation Facilities in Kabul Type of Access Percentage (%) Centralized System MACRORAYAN 5 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System DEWATS and Similar 2 Wastewater Discharge Through Open Drains/channels) Traditional Dry Toilet 30 Different kinds of Water-Borne Facilities ( Soakage Well, Holding Tanks) 60 Open defecation 1 A soakage well is typically a pit with an unsealed based and walls erected from concrete rings.

21 % 79 % 9% Treatment End-use/ disposal Transport Emptying Kabul / Afghanistan (23. June 2016) Desk based Status: DRAFT Treatment End-use/ disposal Transport Emptying Containment De-centralized 2% WW delivered to de- centralised treatment 2% WW treated 1% Offsite sanitation Centralized 5% 4% WW delivered to centralised treatment 1% 2% WW not treated 9% Discharge to Drain W15: 2% 1% WW not delivered to treatment 5% Onsite sanitation Dry Toilet 30% FS contained - not emptied F8: 15% FS delivered to treatment FS treated FS emptied F5:4% 15% 12% Soakage Well & Holding Tanks 60% 30% FS not treated FS not delivered to treatment 90% 21 % FS not contained – not emptied 30% 33% Open defecation OD9: 1% 1% 1% 8% 6% 79 % Local area Neighbourhood City Key: Variable nr : % of flow Safely managed Unsafely managed © University of Leeds, as part of the "SFD Promotion Initiative" project, with financial support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Thank you!