DNA –ISN 71 The Blueprint of Life

By the end of today you should be able to… Section Objectives: By the end of today you should be able to… Explain why the genetic code in DNA is “universal” Describe the structure and function of DNA

Review/Remember: -ALL livings things have DNA -DNA is found in the nucleus of our cells -it contains all of our genetic information

I. DNA’s discovery -1928 Fredrick Griffith -discovered that DNA contained genetic material -experimented with mice -accidental discovery

-Watson and Crick -2 scientists who discovered the structure of DNA (using a model)

-they found DNA to be shaped like a double helix -looks like a spiral staircase

This was one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time!

On your left side answer… STAR Stop – Think and Review! On your left side answer… What did Griffith discover DNA contained? Why do you think DNAs discovery was so important?

-DNA is composed of smaller subunits called nucleotides -3 parts: II. Structure of DNA -DNA is composed of smaller subunits called nucleotides -3 parts: -sugar -phosphate -nitrogen base

Nucleotide DNA Strand Phosphate nitrogen base Deoxyribose sugar

Bases -4 different chemical bases -same 4 for ALL living things -Guanine -Cytosine -Adenine -Thymine

-bases bond in a specific “sequence” -the order of these bases is what makes every living thing UNIQUE!

-Guanine bonds -Adenine bonds DNA Base Pairs with Cytosine with Thymine - “G-C A-T”

STAP – STOP, THINK, & PRACTICE -Given the following DNA strand, complete the other side: C T G

“Universal Genetic Code” -DNA is said to be “universal” because ALL living things have it -only difference is the sequence of our bases!

DNA Replication -DNA makes a copy of itself before the cell divides -necessary before “protein synthesis” (making proteins)

DNA Replication

DNA is important because… -all living things have it -holds all our genetic info (make YOU YOU!) -gives our cells directions for making proteins

LEFT SIDE OUTPUT

(stop think and review) STAR (stop think and review) What are subunits of DNA called? What are the 4 bases of DNA? How do they pair? Why is DNA called the “Universal Genetic Code”?

DNA Notes #2 RNA & Proteins

Section Objectives: By the end of this lesson you should… -differentiate between transcription and translation -Understand DNA & RNAs role in making proteins -Be able to compare/contrast the structure of DNA with RNA -

Remember/Review: -Proteins are IMPORTANT! -proteins act as enzymes in your body for chemical reactions -also channels in your cell membranes -building blocks of proteins are? -amino acids!!

-Traits such as eye color are determined by proteins too -proteins are built according to instructions coded in your DNA -RNA is a part of that process

Transcription -when DNA directs the synthesis (making) of RNA -DNA makes RNA

-when RNA makes proteins -SO: Translation -when RNA makes proteins -SO: DNA transcription RNA translation Proteins

2 Steps of Gene Expression

3 Types of RNA: -Messenger (mRNA) -Ribosomal (rRNA) -Transfer (tRNA)

These three RNA’s work together to make proteins It’s a team effort, they all must do their jobs in order for proteins to be built.

DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Double strand Single strand 2 sugars 1 sugar Has GCAT Has GCAU (contains thymine) (has uracil instead) Stays in the nucleus Leaves the nucleus

LEFT SIDE OUTPUT

(stop think and review) STAR (stop think and review) Why are proteins important? When DNA makes RNA this is? When RNA makes proteins? Name 2 ways that DNA and RNA are different.

DNA Notes #3 How are Proteins Made?

Section Objectives: By the end of this lesson you should… -differentiate between transcription and translation -Understand DNA & RNAs role in making proteins -

Remember/Review: -Proteins are IMPORTANT! -proteins act as enzymes in your body for chemical reactions -also channels in your cell membranes -building blocks of proteins are? -amino acids!!

-The instructions for making proteins are coded in your DNA

Making Proteins - a visual DNA transcription RNA translation

Step 1-DNA transcription -when DNA unzips down the middle and RNA is formed -remember: RNA has the bases GC AU

DNA unzips and RNA is formed G – C G - ? (RNA side) A – T A - ? T – A T - ? Remember – C – G C - ? No Ts! A – T A - ? (GCAU)

G - C (RNA side) G - C A - U T - A C - G

-RNA copy leaves the nucleus and heads to the RIBOSOME (where proteins are made…remember?)

Step 2 – RNA Translation -3 bases in a row of mRNA are called a “codon” -these 3 letters code for a specific amino acid -chains of these amino acids make up the PROTEIN

codon mRNA Amino Acids strand A U G C serine

-this process continues until there is a chain of amino acids (which make up the protein)

What amino acid does CCC code for? Codon Chart What amino acid does CCC code for?

Lets try it! DNA transcription RNA translation Amino Acid C ------- ? T ------- ? ________ A ------- ? C ------- ? A ------- ? ________ G ------- ?

What might happen if… -there is a mistake/change in one letter during DNA replication (when DNA makes a copy of itself) -Turn to an elbow partner & discuss…be ready to share your thoughts

Left Side Output

STAR stop, think and review! Why could DNA be called a “blue print” for making proteins? What are the 2 major steps in making proteins called? Why do we need proteins?

Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering? h

By the end of this lesson you should… Understand how biotechnology has impacted individuals, society and the environment Be able to Identify the ethical issues that may be associated with different types of biotechnology

The study of genes & DNA has led to many advancements in science

-the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes Genetic Engineering -the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes

Recombinant DNA -DNA made from 2 or more different organisms

Drugs “genetically modified” medicine Ex: insulin made using bacteria, used to treat diabetes

-avoid dangers of traditional made vaccines Genetically Engineered Vaccines -avoid dangers of traditional made vaccines -uses the pathogens “surface proteins” to help us make antibodies

DNA Fingerprinting -using DNA analysis to determine potential illness -also in crime solving

Improving Crops -creating “herbicide resistant” crops (kill weeds, not crops) -drought resistant crops “healthier” food infused with vitamins

Improving Animal Farming -putting “growth hormone” in animal diets -makes bigger & faster growing animals -cloning animals/meat

Concerns with Genetic Engineering? -no understanding of long term health effects -decrease in nutritional value of food -loss of biodiversity in nature -possible widespread crop failure

Should we be tampering with Mother Nature? YOU Decide…

STAR Stop Think and Review Which form of genetic engineering do you feel is the most beneficial/important? WHY? What is one ethical concern with genetic engineering?

You are DONE!