ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION Dr. Péter Csathó

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION  1. History of agriculture and soil fertility 2. Basic principles and methods of soil tests (30 slides) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis 4. Types of Plant Nutrition Experiments 5. Principles and method of nutrient balance 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspects of soil pH and lime status 7. Assessing of organic farming from the aspect of sustainable plant nutrition 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition 9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition 10. The basics of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system : Evaluation of the database of Hungarian long-term field NPK fertilization exeriments 11. The structure of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system 12. Comparative evaluation of the environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system, and its application in case of some farms

Pioneer agrochemical research The soil, plants, and manure tests took place in parallel Saussure (1804) : the first scientific approach of plant studies by present concepts Boussingault (1851) completed it with soil and manure tests in field conditions, The mineral nutrient theory of Sprengel and Liebig (1840) also gave a large boost to soil tests. Wolff (1872), the main mineral composition of plants 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

First approach : Soil nutrients taken up by the plants has to be replaced with manure (plant nutrient requirements) The consequence of subsequent field fertilization experiments is: only nutrients that are not supplied by the soil should be replaced / joint analysis of the soil and the plant / (The fertilizer needs of plants) But: while we determine the soil easily soluble fraction, we investigate the total nutrient content of the crop at harvest (specific nutrient content in kg / t) nt 3. 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis A Specific nutrient conten of plants (kg/t) Nem szerkeszthető: plant , unit yield multiplier, winter wheat, winter barley, spring barley, maize, pea, rape, sunflower, rye, sugar beet, potato, green pea 3. 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis The next step Diagnostic leaf and plant tests The growth of the plant is dependent on the concentration of mineral elements in it, which are reflected by the various plant organs in certain development stages However, after the initial success these research declined. There were no appropriate analytical procedures. The principles of sampling methods were not developed. The first critical values for crops were determined in​​ 1870s, 1880s for the oat PK content. 3. 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

The breakthrough in the 1930s and 1940s : : Lagatu és Maume (1928): grapes and potatoes Lundegårdh (1932, 1951) cereals Chapman (1941, 1966): fruits In the 1960s onward : Jones et al. (1967) Bergmann (1976, 1988) Cerling (1978, 1990) Reuter és Robinson (1997) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis In Hungary: Nagy (1936) Frenyó (1965) Elek és Kádár (1980) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

Diagnostic leaves and plant analysis : It gives information about the nutritional status of the plant.   The nutrient concentration in a plant varies with the plant’s age and the part of the plant sampled. Thus you have to collect plants at their appropriate age based on strict instructions: from precisely defined locations and collect photosynthesizing green adult leaf or other green part of the plants that serve as leaf . E.g. for corn there are three recommended plant age. (Szerintem egy példán keresztül jobban érthető) Source: http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/agr/agr92/agr92.pdf 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

Diagnostic leaves and plant analysis : In general, it includes the determination of multiple element content of plant and nutrient ratios, so it gives an assessment of the balanced nutritional status . Since sampling does not refer only to the leaves, but sometimes also to the above ground portion of the plant , the term "plant analysis" is more common than leaf analysis. 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Two main methods 1) Visual Diagnostics 2) Hidden deficiency: can be detected only by chemical analysis 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Two main methods 1) Visual Diagnostics 2) Hidden deficiency: can be detected only by chemical analysis 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Nitrogen deficiency –maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Phosphorous deficiency –maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Potassium deficiency –maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis NPK deficiency –maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Magnesium deficiency –maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

Sulphur deficiency –maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Iron deficiency- maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Manganese deficiency –maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Zinc deficiency - maize 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Two main methods 1) Visual Diagnostics 2) Hidden deficiency: can be detected only by chemical analysis 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

Két fő irány: 1) Vizuális diagnosztika 2) Rejtett hiány: csupán kémiai analízis segítségével deríthető fel 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

Specific objectives of plant analysis - Assessment of the plant nutritional status and the plant territorial identification -The study the different behavior of plant species or varieties and their nutrition; - The detection of the interaction between various nutrients (antagonism, synergism) - The examination of the effect of fertilizers: whether the plant took up the given nutrient or not. - The detection of hidden deficiencies and determination of nutrient deficiency sequencing; - The identification and reinforcement of apparent nutrient deficiencies or excess symptoms Kadar (1992) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis The change in macronutrient content of the beet leaf depending on its age and the placement zone.   Sampling: mid-June 1981, Szarvas (Izsáki 1981) The age and, N P K Ca Mg Na Position of leaf in dry matter content % Inside dead leaf 1,81 0,14 5,46 2,27 1,44 7,29 Inside green leaf 2,92 0,22 3,87 1,75 1,25 6,86 Middle adult leaf 3,75 0,32 3,64 1,24 0,94 5,48 Inside young leaf 5,11 0,56 4,36 0,54 0,48 3,05 SzD5% 0,45 0,06 0,71 0,31 0,17 1,10 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

Phenological stages of cereals 3. A növényanalízis alapelvei és módszere 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

Concentration of minerals Critical level Relationship between the nutrient content of tissue and the growth of the plant (after Smith,1962) yield Luxury range Deficiency range Toxic range Severe deficiency Concentration of minerals Critical level 28

Prediction of the plant nutrient status by diagnostic plant analysis 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

Optimal element contents in maize at early silk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Melsted Neubert UW Soil & et al. Jones et al. Plant Anal. Nutrient (1969) (1967) (1969) Lab N, % 3.00 2.76-3.50 2.60-4.00 2.76-3.75 P, % 0.25 0.25-0.40 0.25-0.50 0.25-0.50 K, % 1.90 1.71-2.50 1.70-3.00 1.75-2.75 Ca, % 0.40 0.21-1.00 0.21-1.00 0.30-0.60 Mg, % 0.25 0.21-0.60 0.31-0.50 0.16-0.40 Zn, mg/kg 15 20-70 50-150 19-75 B, mg/kg 10 4-25 15-90 5-40 Mn, mg/kg 15 20-150 34-200 19-75 Fe, mg/kg 25 21-250 21-250 50-250 Cu, mg/kg 5 6-20 8-20 3-15 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis . Relationship between soil AL-soluble K content and the K content of maize at silk OMTK A 1727 research 1994. (Csathó, 1998) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis Relationship between soil AL-soluble P content and the P content of maize at silk OMTK A 1727 research 1994. (Csathó, 1998) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

When not to collect plant samples? - After prolonged direct rainfall, frosts, or drought; - In case of plants with mechanical damage caused by insects; - Plants with not characteristic patient spots, or from shaded area; - Withered, no longer living parts of plants; - Too young or too old plant parts, unless our aim is to clarify the above mentioned problems. (Kádár 1992) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis N- and K-uptake during the growing season and its distribution between the different plant parts 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis

3. Principles and methods of plant analysis