Sustainable Development Goal 2: What is Africa doing about it? Presented during the 2016 Development Research Day at Lund University, Sweden, November 10, 2016 Joseph Karugia Coordinator, ReSAKSS-ECA

Outline SDG 2 and Targets Key African Union Frameworks Status of Indicators Relevant for SDG 2 in Africa Concluding Remarks Key Reference: 2015 Annual Trends and Outlook at www.resakss.org

SDG 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture Is the foundation for human development Impacts economies, health, education, equality, social development; indeed many of the SDGs

SDG 2 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, internationally agreed targets 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers and implement resilient agricultural practices 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species 2.a: Increase investment, 2.b: Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets 2.c: Adopt measures to limit extreme food price volatility

African Policy Environment for SDG 2 AU policy environment is an important part of the enabling environment for SDG 2 Policy direction and instruments are agreed at heads of state and government level Useful rallying points for advocacy and action at regional and national levels

AU Policy Environment for SDG 2 Several statements, decisions and declarations that commit African leaders to realizing the continents aspirations embodied in SDG2 Range of hunger, food security, nutrition and agriculture policies and frameworks at continental, regional and national levels

Broad Frameworks and Strategies African Union Agenda 2063 (2015) prioritizes healthy and well-nourished African citizens as an overarching goal for realizing a “prosperous Africa that is based on inclusive growth and sustainable development” Common Africa Position on the Post-2015 Development Agenda (2014) SDGs developed and implemented in a manner that adequately supports Africa’s development African Regional Nutrition Strategy (2015-2025)

Broad Frameworks and Strategies Three Malabo Declarations (2014) Declaration on Nutrition Security through Inclusive Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in Africa Declaration on Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Deaths in Africa Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods

CAADP - Key Framework for SDG 2 Malabo Declarations on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods – Sustaining CAADP Momentum Post-Malabo Implementation Strategy and Roadmap (2014) Building on achievements of Maputo Declaration (2003) – initiation of CAADP

CAADP - Key Framework for SDG 2 CAADP is the overarching policy framework for attaining food and nutrition security and sustainable development through agriculture-led development at the national and regional levels Initial focus was on productivity (6% growth in AgGDP) through increased funding to agriculture (10% on national budgets): food security added later and current emphasis is on making agriculture nutrition-sensitive

Status of Key Indicators Relevant for SDG 2 in Africa

Hunger and Malnutrition in Africa Scale is high 233 million are hungry 58 million children younger than five are stunted 13.9 million children younger than five are are wasted 10.3 million children younger than five are overweight 163.6 million children and women of reproductive age are anemic 220 million people are estimated to be calorie deficient 8 percent of adults older than 20 are obese

Prevalence of Undernourishment (% of population - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) 2003 (2003–2008) (2008–2015) 2015 Africa 24.3 22.2 20.3 17. 2 16.3 Central 37 31.4 29.1 23.9 22.6 Eastern 44.3 40.1 36.9 29.4 Northern 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.1 5 Southern 28.4 26.2 24.8 21.1 19.6 Western 16.1 14.3 12.3 9.7 9.2

Prevalence of Underweight, Weight for Age (% of children under 5 - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) 2003 (2003–2008) (2008–2015) 2015 Africa 24.7 23.4 22.5 20 18.5 Central 28 26.6 26 23.7 22.9 Eastern 29.8 27.4 26.2 23 21.4 Northern 8.6 8.2 6.9 5.6 5.2 Southern 17 15.6 12.3 10.8 Western 27.9 26.7 24.2 22.1

Prevalence of Stunting, Height for Age (% of children under 5 - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) 2003 (2003–2008) (2008–2015) 2015 Africa 41.9 40.2 39.2 35.6 33.7 Central 44.9 44 43.4 41.7 41 Eastern 48.3 45.4 43.8 39.5 37. 3 Northern 25.5 23.1 22.3 19.7 18.2 Southern 43.2 40.7 38.6 33.2 30.4 Western 40.4 39.6 39.3 36.1 34.6

Prevalence of Wasting, Weight for Height (% of children under 5 - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) 2003 (2003–2008) (2008–2015) 2015 Africa 10.8 10.2 10.1 9.3 8.6 Central 12.4 11. 5 11. 3 9.5 Eastern 10.7 10 8.8 Northern 5.9 6.4 6.3 6.9 7. 5 Southern 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.7 Western 14.2 12.9 12.7 11.6 9.8

Number of African Countries at Various Stages of Progress against Global Targets on Nutrition

Real Import Dependency Ratio (% - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) 2003 (2003–2008) (2008–2010) 2010 Africa 23.2 25.8 26.6 27. 3 27.4 Central 24.1 30.1 32.3 30.5 31.1 Eastern 14.5 16.4 17. 3 19.8 20.1 Northern 48.4 44.9 46.8 50.8 50.7 Southern 18.3 25.1 26.3 22.9 20.5 Western 17. 8 21.7 22 23.3

Growth of Agriculture Value Added (% - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) (2003–2008) (2008–2015) Africa 4.79 4.67 3.35 Central -4.05 14.37 5.21 Eastern 3.60 2.01 4.14 Northern 2.60 -1.31 6.39 Southern 1.31 4.78 2.33 Western 8.28 6.18 2.51

Yield, Maize (tonnes per hectare - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) 2003 (2003–2008) (2008–2015) 2015 Africa 1.7 2 2.1 Central 1.1 1.2 Eastern 1.6 1.5 1.9 Northern 5.5 6.1 6.3 6.5 Southern 2.2 2.4 Western 1.4

Land Productivity (agriculture value-added per hectare of arable land, constant 2010 US$ - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) 2003 (2003–2008) (2008–2015) 2015 Africa 164 189 206 271 304 Central 128 112 134 177 199 Eastern 138 142 153 227 275 Northern 346 384 392 482 528 Southern 61 65 69 88 101 Western 256 347 387 493 532

Share of Agriculture Expenditure in Total Public Expenditure (% - annual average levels) Region (1995–2003) 2003 (2003–2008) (2008–2014) 2014 Africa 3.2 3.6 3.5 3 2.6 Central 2 2.3 Eastern 5.7 6 6.1 3.3 Northern 4.6 3.9 2.9 Southern 1.6 2.2 2.5 1.9 Western 3.4 3.8 4.1 5.3

Concluding Remarks (1) Scale of hunger, malnutrition, and food insecurity quite high in Africa Indicators show improvements BUT progress is slow; varies by indicator, region and country More efforts needed by African countries and their development partners – to meet SDG 2 targets Concrete actions and commitment to results; mutual accountability by all parties involved

Concluding Remarks (2) 37 out of 54 African countries are involved in the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement 42 out of 54 AU member states have signed CAADP compacts 30 have developed related national agriculture and food security investment plans Commitment to evidence-based decision making; M&E, comprehensive Joint Sector Reviews; Biennial Peer Review Mechanism

THANK YOU www.resakss.org

SDG 2 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment

SDG 2 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed

SDG 2 2.a: Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries 2.b: Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round 2.c: Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility