新课标人教版课件系列 《高中英语》 选修(模块）9

How much do you know about plants? Warming up How much do you know about plants?

1. some plants do not have flowers? Do you know that? 1. some plants do not have flowers? For example pine trees, cypress trees, ferns, mushrooms. With these plants, the seeds are not contained inside a fruit. Flowering plants have seeds that are contained inside fruit.

2. some plants have roots that live in the air? For example, mangrove trees live in wet conditions and have roots that grow up from the mud into the air to absorb oxygen (See Picture A, the mangrove tree). Other plants that have aerial roots are plants such as some ferns, some orchids and climbers in rainforests that use their roots to attach themselves to other plants. Their roots not only attach the plant to the tree but also absorb water from the air (See Picture D, the bird's nest fern).

3. some plants eat meat? They get their food from animals by trapping insects that land on them, killing them and then digesting their bodies with chemicals. Picture B shows an insect-eating plant called a Venus flytrap. When the hairs on the leaves are touched by an insect, the two parts of the leaf snap together and trap the victim.

4. some plants need animals to pollinate them? They have developed flowers with different characteristics to attract particular animal pollinators such as bees, flies, butterflies, birds, bats, beetles, and moths. Plants that do not have flowers need other ways of making sure that they are pollinated, for example, corn, grasses and many trees depend on the wind or water to transport pollen from one plant to another.

5. some plants grow on other plants? They use their roots to attach themselves to another plant. Some use their roots to absorb water from the air (See Picture D). Plants like this are different from parasitic plants that actually live on another plant and get their food from the host.

6. plants are adapted to live in specific environments? For example, plants that live in the tropics are adapted to living in a hot wet climate. Picture C shows palms that live in tropical climates. Plants that are used to cold conditions cannot necessarily live in hot conditions.

7. people buy plants that come from other countries for their gardens? People tend not to think about where the plants in their pots or gardens come from. In fact, many come from other countries, for example, tulips from southern Europe and Turkey, carnations from southern Europe and Greece, evening primroses from North America, daffodils from the Mediterranean area, Crane flower from South Africa, daisies and violets from Europe, etc.

8. a new plant does not always grow from a seed? New plants often grow from underground roots or stems, for example, the bamboo makes new plants by sending up new shoots from underground stems. Strawberry plants and many grasses and some ferns send out stems that run along the top of the ground and new plants grow along these stems. Other plants, like the daffodil, make new plants from bulbs. New plants can also grow from stems that have been cut from a plant.

some special plants

Pre-reading Do you have a courtyard or some pot plants on your balcony? Do you know where these plants come from? Are they Chinese plants or do they come from another country?

When you last visited a public garden, did you look at the individual plants there? Were there any plants from other countries?

How do you think plants have traveled from one country to another? Joseph Banks 1768---1771

Dr Nathaniel Ward http://www.plantexplorers.com/explorers/biographies/ward/nathaniel-bagshaw-ward.htm

Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791-1868) For an individual who influenced the modern world so greatly, surprisingly little is know about Dr. Nathaniel Ward. Born in London, Ward developed an early interest in the natural world, despite his urban surroundings. It is believed he was sent to Jamaica when he was thirteen, where he may have developed his interest in tropical foliage. He practised as a physician in the East End of London (some records suggest that he was a surgeon) and pursued his interests in botany and entomology in his spare time, and when on vacation in Cobham, Kent.

The Wardian case

Robert Fortune (1812-1880) represented the Horticultural Society of London (now the Royal Horticultural Society) as a collector in China shortly after the Treaty of Nanjing had brought the Opium War to a close. Through his use of the Wardian case, Fortune was able to introduce many of the best-known Chinese garden plants into cultivation in Europe and North America.

Père Paul Guillaume Farges (1844 - 1912) French missionary and naturalist. Born at Monclar-de-Quercy, Tarn-et-Garonne. He was sent to China in 1867 and remained stationed in north-east Sichuan until 1903. Although he had always nurtured an interest in the local flora and fauna, it was not until 1892 that he started to collect herbarium specimens in earnest. During the eleven years before he moved south to Chongqing, he collected and preserved over 4,000 specimens. Père Paul Guillaume Farges (1844 - 1912)

Dove Tree

Ernest Henry Wilson (1876 - 1930)

Reading passage and the pictures, then predict what it is about? Scan the title of the reading passage and the pictures, then predict what it is about? Plant Exploration in the 18th And 19th centuries

Main idea The reading text is about the exploration for plants in the 18th and 19th centuries. It gives examples of plant collectors who were well known during that time and the challenges that faced them.

Find the answers to questions like the following: What is an "exotic" plant? A plant that comes from another country. What was the name of Lieutenant James Cook's ship ? The Endeavour Why did James Cook call the bay where his ship stopped "Botany Bay" ? Because it was the bay that Joseph Banks collected many new botanical specimens.

Why were the sealed glass containers called "Wardian" cases? Because they were named after the person who invented them --- Nathaniel Ward. What were the names of the people mentioned in the text who collected plants in the 18th and 19th centuries ? Father d'Incarville, Sir Joseph Banks, Robert Fortune, Father Farges, E H Wilson

Comprehending Detailed reading: Try to get the main idea of each paragraph: Para 1: explains when plant collecting began. Para 2: describes when and where plant collecting began on a large scale by Europeans. Para 3: talks about French Catholic missionaries who collected plants in China in the 18th century.

Para 4: is about the famous British plant collector, Sir Joseph Banks, who collected many new plants in Australia. Para 5: explains the problems of keeping plants alive on long trips. Para 6: describes an experiment carried out by Dr Nathaniel Ward who invented a glass case in which to transport plants on long journeys.

Para 7: is about Robert Fortune, a British plant collector who made several trips to China in the 19th century. Para 8: is about Father Farges, a French Catholic missionary who collected plants in China in the 19th century.

Para 9: Describes how many European plant collectors, such as E H Wilson, went to China so that new plants could be introduced to gardens in the West.

Structures: Part I: Para1-2 the beginning of plant collecting Part II: Para3-4 the exploration of plants in the 18th century Part III: Para 5-7 the invention and use of Wardian case Part IV: Para 8-9 the exploration of plants in the 19th centry

Comprehending Time People/plants Historic Events sent ships to gather plants, animals and other goods In 1500 B.C the Queen of Egypt was sent to Beijing in the 1740s Father d’Incarville

tree of Heaven seeds In 1751 arrived in England In 1769 collected plants in Australia Sir Joseph Banks the Tree of Heaven tree was introduced into North America In 1784

shipped two cases of British Plants to Sydney Nathaniel Ward In 1833 Robert Fortune made several trips to China 1843-1859 During the second half of the 19th century many Catholic missionaries were sent to China from France

sent seeds of Dove Tree From China to France In 1897 Father Farges In 1899 collected a large quantity of the seeds of the Dove Tree in China E H Wilson

3 Answer these questions in groups. 1 Why was there a lot of plant collecting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Europe had become interested in scientific discovery and the European middle classes took great interest in collecting new plants at this time. 2 How did French missionaries come to be plant collectors? They valued the study of the natural sciences and many of them knew a lot about plants and animals.

It was hard to keep them alive during long trips. 3 What were some of the negative aspects of plant collecting expeditions? Negative aspects included disease, near-starvation, severe environment, conflicts with the local people, plants dying during long trips or seeds failing to grow after long trips, pirates, bad weather (like thunder storms), not knowing the local language and customs, etc. 4 Transporting plants over long distances was a big problem. Why was this? It was hard to keep them alive during long trips.

5 Why did many plants fail to reach their destinations alive 5 Why did many plants fail to reach their destinations alive? Can you think of any other reasons? It was hard to keep them alive during long trips. The seeds of many plants failed to grow after long trip: plants were not looked after properly during the trip. For example, one plant explorer lost his plants

when they were watered with sea water when they were watered with sea water. Other reasons include lack of fresh water, wrong environmental conditions, for instance, incorrect temperatures, salty air, and lack of sunlight and rain, etc, if the plants were transported inside the ship or train. 6 What improved the survival rates of plants transported long distances? It was the invention of the Wardian case.

4 Suggested answer to Exercise 4: Peach Tree Chrysan-themum Red Dates Advantages for trade 1 very sweet fruit 1 travels well 1 medicinal plant 2 many varieties 2 for poor appetite 2 will sell well 3 easy to prepare 3 grows anywhere 3 will grow easily 4 grows anywhere 4 garden flower

Dis-advantages for the voyage Trees need much water, warmth and protection on ship must not dry out need space must separate varieties must separate varieties many can be taken profit low for each but many can be taken can carry a few but costs high profit reasonable

Learning about language Discovering useful words and expressions Complete the sentences with suitable words or expressions from the text. 1 I love going on walks and looking at plants. In fact, I think I'll study ______ at university. 2 He speaks Spanish with great _______ though he is not good at writing it. 1 botany fluency

3 The palace we are going to visit tomorrow ___________ the 19th century. 4 In the centre of the block of flats there is a small ________ where I can plant some flowers. 5 There are too many cars on the roads. I think there should be ____ restrictions on car numbers. dates back to courtyard tight

2 Complete the paragraph with new words from the reading text. The thought of another trip of thousands of miles on the high seas certainly did not ______ to me, but there was no other way to get the _____ to the ______ islands of the Pacific. We were unable to do any traveling across countries as there were too many __________ by many of the governments and we could not move freely across borders. We had so many _________ that they had to be _____ packed on the ship. There was not much room left for the crew. appeal goods distant restrictions containers tightly

These crowded conditions resulted in a lot of ________ and several fights. However, the worst part of the trip was sailing through a wild ____________ , in which the rain did not stop for two days. After three months at sea, we finally arrived and lowered the ______ in the harbor of our destination. We were dirty and had long beards, for we had no fresh water to wash in and we didn't _____ at all. What a sight we were! conflicts thunderstorm anchor shave

1 Revising Useful structures Rewrite these sentences using to or for with the indirect object. 1 Can you give me one kilo of ripe peaches? Can you give one kilo of ripe peaches to me? 2 Send me your report on irrigation as soon as you've finished it. ____________________________________ ____________________________________ . Send your report on irrigation to me as soon as you have finished it.

________________________________ ________________________________ . 3 He showed me the weeds so that I wouldn't pull out his new seedlings. ________________________________ ________________________________ . 4 My cousin brought me some spears from Papua New Guinea. _______________________ . _______________________________ ________________________ . He showed the weeds to me so that I wouldn't pull out his new seedlings My cousin brought some spears for me from Papua New Guinea My cousin brought some spears from Papua New Guinea for me

5 I buy my fish fresh seaweed every month as it's an important part of their diet. _________________________________ ___________________________________ . __________________________________ __________________________________ . 6 Susan handed him the string so he could tie up the box. ___________________________________ ____________ . I buy fresh seaweed for my fish every month as it's an important part of their diet I buy fresh seaweed every month for my fish as it's an important part of their diet Susan handed the string to him so he could tie up the box

2 Complete the sentences using the -ing form or the infinitive of the verb as the object. Use the words in brackets to help you. 1 Barbara learned ____________ when her uncle came to visit her family last summer. (ride / horses) 2 I enjoy _______________________ _______________ , though I don't quite understand what they are about. (read / cartoons) to ride a horse reading these cartoons from foreign countries

_________________ . (see / car key) 3 Jim and Mandy both denied ___________ _________________ . (see / car key) 4 I expect __________________________ this year. (spend / holidays / France) 5 Charlie regretted ____________________ . (invite / Joseph / party) 6 Jack finally agreed __________________ _____________ . (apologize / broken spade) having seen/ seeing the car key (s) to spend my holidays in France having invited / inviting to apologize to us for the broken spade

3 Each sentence below contains one mistake. Find the mistake and correct it. 1 Could you begin by telling what you were doing at 9:30 on the evening of the 13th April? 2 My parents suggested to postpone our visit to the pyramids because we didn't have enough time to see them before we left Egypt. 3 Please stop interrupting to me when I'm explaining something. me ∧ postponing me when I’m

5 He admitted me that he had done something wrong. 4 In the morning the hunter showed me the way how to get to the track down the mountain. 5 He admitted me that he had done something wrong. 6 I will report them the kind of monument we are planning to build for the soldiers. how to get the way to ∧ to ∧

Using Language 1 Listening and discussing on P.36 In groups, look carefully at the photos of the plants and answer the questions. 1 How would you describe each plant? What do you think is unusual about each plant? 2 One of the pictures shows pitcher plants and another shows “living stones”. Which picture shows which plant? The name of the plant in the other picture is Rafflesia.

living stone

Rafflesia

pitcher plants

Now listen to Mark, Gordon and Andrea telling their class about these plants. Which student talks about which plant? Plant A B C Student’s name Name of the plant Mark Gordon Andrea Living stones or Lithops Pitcher plant Rafflesia arnoldii

Listening text UNUSUAL PLANT TH: Today Mark, Gordon and Andrea are going to tell us about some unusual plants. Mark, do you want to go first? M: Sure. Today, I want to talk about an insect-eating plant called a pitcher plant.

Here’s a photo of it. Look at this part here Here’s a photo of it. Look at this part here. It’s shaped like a pitcher. It’s actually a leaf even though it looks like a flower. It’s really clever---the insects are attracted by the sweet smell coming from what they think is a flower. But it’s a trap.

Once an insect goes down into the pitcher, it can’t get out as there are small hard hairs pointing downwards that prevent it from escaping. In the end, the insect falls down into a pool of liquid at the bottom of the pitcher and gets digested by the plant.

S1: That’s amazing! S2: What fantastic plants! TH: Gordon. G: These are the plants I’m going to talk about. They’re often called “living stones”, but even though they do look a bit like stones, they are in fact plants.

S3: Wow! S4: How interesting! G: Their scientific name is Lithops and they come from South Africa and Nambia. The body of a lithops is actually a pair of leaves that have become rounded like a stone. This is because this plant lives in very

hot and dry places. When the leaves are shaped like this, not much water is lost from the plant. Another interesting thing about these strange plants is that they’re the same color and appearance of the soil and stones around it. This makes them less obvious to animal looking for food.

TH: Thanks, Gordon. Andrea. A: I’m going to tell you about Rafflesia arnoldii, a plant that has a flower about one metre wide. In fact, it’s the largest flower in the world. Rafflesia arnoldii doesn’t have any leaves, stems or roots. It doesn’t need them as it’s a parasite. It gets this food by

living on another plant living on another plant. You might think that this flower should smell wonderful but it actually looks and smells like rotting meat! S2: Oh, yuck! S1: That’s disgusting! S3: I think it’s fantastic!

A: Me too. Anyway, it attracts insects that eat dead animals but instead of getting a feed, the insects pick up its pollen and spread it to other Rafflesias, Rafflesia arnoldii grows in the jungles in Indonesia but as the forests are being cut down, it’s becoming very rare. TH: Thanks Andrea and thanks everyone. Those plants are certainly fascinating.

3 Listen again and complete the table with the correct information. You might need to listen several times. Mark Gordon Andrea Name of plant Reason for its name Its smell Rafflesia arnoldii pitcher plant Living stones (Lithops) It’s shaped like a pitcher (jug) They look like stones like rotting meat

round with large thick petals (this information is from the photo) Its shape Its size How it gets its food like a pitcher rounded one meter wide (the largest flower in the world) small (like stones) from insects that fall into the pitcher from another plant (it is a parasite) from the soil

Where it lives What its leaves are like How common it is How it is pollinated Hot dry places in South Africa, Namibia jungles in parts of Indonesia shaped like a pitcher rounded like stones doesn’t have leaves it is becoming rare insects that eat dead animals

4 Expressions of wonder: Wow! How interesting! I think it's fantastic! Listen to the other students' reactions to Mark, Gordon and Andrea's descriptions of the plants. Write down the expressions they use. Expressions of wonder: That's amazing! What fantastic plants! Wow! How interesting! I think it's fantastic! Expressions of disgust: Oh, yuck! That's disgusting!

5 Now look at these photos of unusual things in pairs. Do you react with disgust or wonder? Use the expressions you wrote down in Exercise 4 or any other expressions you know to express your reaction.

Writing Here are some notes about Rafflesia arnoldii in the form of a diagram. Use this diagram to write a paragraph about Rafflesia arnoldii

Sample writing RAFFLESIA ARNOLDII Rafflesia arnoldii grows in the rainforests of Southeast Asia, but due to the destruction of the forests, it is becoming very rare. At about one metre wide, the flower of Rafflesia arnoldii is the largest flower in the world. The Rafflesia arnoldii flower looks and smells like rotting meat. This means it attracts pollinators, such as flies and other insects that eat dead animals.

However, instead of getting a feed, the insects pickup its pollen and spread it to other Rafflesia plants. Rafflesia arnoldii does not have any leaves, stems or roots. It does not need them as it is a parasite and so gets its food from another plant.

1 Reading and discussing Before you read the text on page 38, have a quick glance at it. What is the text about? The text is about flowers and their animal pollinators. What do the pictures show you? The pictures show different kinds of animal pollinators and their flowers. What is the chart about? The chart lists animal pollinators and the characteristics of the flowers they pollinate. 1

Flowers and their animal pollinators

Bee

Humming-birds

Butterflies

moth

Difficult words and expressions evolve evolution attach to bat tube odour give out 发展；进展；进化 演变；进化 附上；贴上 蝙蝠 管子 气味 发出；分发

Answer the questions 1. What is the advantage for animals of visiting flowers? Animals get food called nectar from the flowers. 2. Why do some plants need animals? Some plants need animals to pollinate them.

3. How does an animal pollinate a flower? An animal pollinates a flower by collecting pollen from a flower and passing it onto another flower. 4. What features of a flower are important in attracting animal pollinators? The features of a flower that are important in attracting animal pollinators are its colour, shape, size and smell.

5. What is nectar? Nectar is a sweet liquid produced by flowers and collected by bees. 6. What kinds of animals are most flowers pollinated by? Most flowers are pollinated by bees, moths and butterflies.

True or false 1. Bees follow colored lines to the nectar inside the flower. 2. Flowers that are white or pale can be seen by night pollinators. 3. Butterflies are attracted to sweet-smelling flowers. T T F

4. Bats pollinate flowers at night. 5. Flower color is not important to hummingbirds. 6. All pollinators need to land on the flower if they are to find the nectar. T F F

4 Find other nouns in the chart that mean the same as "smell". List adjectives from the chart that are used to describe different kinds of smells. Nouns that mean “smell”: ______________. Adjectives that describe smells: _______________________________________________. odour, perfume delicate, fragrant, odourless, strong, sweet, musty, fruity

cactus flowers Peruvian lilies fuchsias Uniden-tified pruple flowers A B C D

wild ginger flower Chrysan-themums Johnny jump ups hibiscus E F G H