Forty years ago with famine looming, the cover of the Far Eastern Economic Review 1967 Yearbook, showed a hungry Asian child holding out his empty broken bowl for more…Indeed, Hunger was the big story in Asia in the 1960s.

The Solution.. IRRI IR8 had already been released by November 1966 and distributed as the first modern semi- dwarf rice variety.

It jump-started Asia’s Green Revolution in rice. Rice production increased 170 percent during the 1961-2000 period.

Rice Typhoon.. into the world….. Philippines

Korea in 1970’s

Historical changes of rice cultivation in Korea

What was the main factors to be changed for rice production during last decades ?

Major Research Targets Defined by Rice Genetic Improvement :  Improving Yield Potential  Improving Stability  Improving Rice Quality

Development of “Tongil” in 1971

Breeding passage of “Tongil” cultivars, the first success of indica/japonica hybridization in Korea Year Pedigree Treatment 1965 1966 1970 1972 Yukara TNI IR8 IR568 Suweon213 Suweon214 Suweon215 Suweon216 Suweon217 Suweon218 Tongil X Cross Topcross (IR667) Replicated yield trials Release

Development of rice varieties in Korea Varietal group ‘30s-’70s ‘70s ‘80s ‘90s 2000s Total 36 5 39 73 40 193 Japonica Tongil - type - 25 15 6 1 47 Total 36 30 54 79 41 240

Major achievement in character improvement Varietal group 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s LR, CT, BL, BB, BPH, Short-term Semidwarf, HQ, CT, DS, ST, HY, AFP Japonica-type BL SV Semidwarf, HY, LR, BL, SV, BPH BB, CT, BPH, HQ Super-yield, Aromatic rice Tongil- type - BL : Resistance to blast, SV : Resistance to stripe virus, LR : Lodging resistance, CT : Cold tolerance, BB : Resistance to bacterial blight, BPH : Resistance to brown planthopper, HQ : High quality, ST : Salt tolerance, HY : High yielding, ADS : Adaptability to direct seeding, AFP : Adaptability to food processing (special rice)

Change of culm length(CL) light transmission rate(LTR) and harvest index(HI) of rice cultivars under different fertilizer levels Year 1930 1944 1975 1981 1979 *Low fertilizer *Normal fertilizer Varietal Group Japonica Indica/ Cultivar Eunbangju Paldal Nagdongbyeo Samnambyeo Taebaebyeo CL cm 102 97 81 66 61 LTR % 17.4 16.5 16.1 23.9 26.1 HI % 47 49 50 59 54 CL cm 107 101 90 67 63 LTR % 14.2 16.6 10.7 20.6 23.1 HI % 38 43 46 53 52 * Low fertilizer : N-P2O5-K2O = 5-5-3kg/10a Normal fertilizer : N-P2O5-K2O = 15-5-3kg/10a

Photosynthetic ability of rice varieties developed during 1910-1977 in Korea Photosynthetic ability(mg.CO2/dm2/hr) Year Released 1910 1944 1962 1972 1977 Variety Jodongji Paldal Jinheung Tongil Geumgangbyeo N-P2O5-K2O 60-40-50(kg/ha) 17.2(78) 18.5(84) 22.1(100) 25.3(114) 28.3(128) N-P2O5-K2O 240-160-160(kg/ha) 20.0(84) 23.5(99) 23.8(100) 26.8(113) 32.6(137)

Improvement of tolerance to various environmental stresses in japonica and Tongil-type rice cultivars Adaptability Cold tolerance in late Bred GA - Spikel planting Ecotype Cultivar Seed - Head - et LT ST GS year LT ling ing sterilit AHR GYLP stage delay y Jinheung 1962 R R R M IS H MS M Ha Japonica Nagdongbyeo 1975 R R MR MS IS M MS M " Samnambyeo 1981 R R MR R IS H R M " Tongil 1971 M S S S IS L R S E Tongil- Milyang 23 1976 M S MS S IS L R S " Type Pungsanbyeo 1980 MR MS M M IS M R S ME Samgangbyeo 1982 M S MR M IS M M R S " GALT : Germination ability at low temperature, AHR : Abnormal-heading responsiveness, GYLP : Grain yield in late planting, R : resistant, MR : moderately resistant, M : intermediate, MS : moderately susceptible, S : susceptible, IS : insensitive, SE : sensitive, H : high, M : medium, L : low, LT : lodging tolerance, ST : salinity tolerance, GS : grain shattering, Ha : hard, E : easy, ME : medium easy

Improvement of resistance to major diseases and insect pests in newly developed japonica and Tongil-type rice cultivars Brown Bred Blast Bacterial blight Virus Ecotype Cultivar Plant- year Leaf Neck K1 K2 K3 SV DV BSDV Hopper Jinheung 1962 MS MS S S S S S S S Nagdongbyeo 1975 S MS S S S MR S S S Japonica Seomjinbyeo Samkwangbyeo 1982 2003 M MR MR R S R S R MR R S S S Tongil 1971 M MS R MR S R S S S Milyang 23 1976 M MS S S S R MR S S Tongil- Milyang 30 1977 MR M R MR S R MR MS R Type Taebaegbyeo 1979 R R MR MR MR R MR M S Samgangbyeo 1982 MR R R MR MR R MR M R Namyeongbyeo 1986 MR R R R R R MR MR S Andabyeo 1998 R R R R S R R MR R

Improving yield potential of japonica rice during the last four decades 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Ecotype Item 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd half half half half half half half half Japonica Average(t/ha) 3.77 3.89 4.68 4.34 4.91 5.02 5.02 5.40 (%) (100) (103) (124) (115) (130) (133) (133) (143) Tongil- Average(t/ha) - - 4.91 5.01 5.62 - 6.11 6.94 Type (%) (100) (104) (114) (124) (141)

Major Weakness with Indica/Japonica Cultivars  Unfavorable grain shape and eating quality  Cold susceptibility  Grain shattering at harvest  Occurrence of new strains in disease and insect

SUCCESS OF INDICA/JAPONICA HYBRIDIZATION  Overcome hybrid sterility by three way cross  High yield potential  Better plant architecture  High photosynthetic ability  Resistance to major diseases and insects

Factors affecting yield increase during last three decades O Genetic Improvement O High-input and Precise Rice Cultivation O Agrochemicals O Irrigation O Mechanization etc.

PROGRESS OF RICE BREEDING IN KOREA  Improving Breeding Technology  Success of Indica/Japonica Hybridization  Improvement of Japonica Rice - Improving yield potential  Application of Anther Culture Technique - Shortening breeding cycle

during 1958-’89. :Japonica( ), ------ : Tongil-type( ) Yield(MT/ha) 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 ‘58 ‘62 ‘66 ‘70 ‘74 ‘78 ‘82 ‘86 ‘90 ‘00 Year Change in yield potential(milled rice) of Korean improved rice cultivars during 1958-’89. :Japonica( ), ------ : Tongil-type( )

Rice production, yield and area in Korea Production(Mil.ton) Cultivation area(Mil.ha) 6.0 Rice Production 1.30 1.25 5.0 1.20 4.0 Yield/ha(ton) 1.15 3.0 1.10 2.0 1.05 Area 1.0 1.00 60 70 80 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 Year

Rice consumption per capita and self-sufficiency in Korea Consumption(kg) 120 150 Self-sufficiency 140 100 130 80 120 60 Rice consumption/capita 110 40 100 20 90 80 60 65 75 85 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 Year

How we can make rice self-sufficiency by short term?

Greenhouse for rapid generation advancement

Current Constraints on Rice Production in Korea □ Declining Rice Cultivation and its related ○ Increasing demand of land for non-agricultural uses ☞ Decreased rice cultivation area ○ Decreasing labors of rural areas ☞ Increased production costs ○ Reduced rice consumption ○ Impacts of liberalization of rice trade

Present/Future Directions for Rice Research O Quality upgraded : visual, taste, functional improvement O Breeding for Cost reduction - Basic yield potential - DS/ mechanization for large scale-farm - Short growth duration ; Med.-Late maturity, -early maturity O Breeding for food safety - multi-resistance to disease and insect - variety for low nitrogen respond - genetic diversity for improving safety O Climatic change : productivity, disease and insects, abiotic stresses

Thank you ….