Classification of African Languages

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Presentation transcript:

Classification of African Languages Afro-Asiatic Niger-Congo Bantu Swahili Nilo-Saharan Khoisan (Click) Semitic (Arabic)

Other Languages Afrikaans Malagasy European Languages English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, German

SIX CIVILIZATIONS Limits set by productivity Shared ideology Essential experience

BOW S. Africa Namibia Botswana Congo (Zaire) Tanzania Kenya

Small scale bands No chiefs Social sanctions/harmony

Hunting, gathering, fishing (Foraging)

Rock art, from the past Marginal areas No iron Few material possessions

SPEAR Ethiopia Somalia Kenya Tanzania Uganda Sudan Mozambique Swaziland Lesotho S. Africa

Pastoral--nomads Livestock as wealth

Warrior mentality Military organization Age grades

Little material art

Body as Template

Red ochre Scarification Songs and poetry

Aristocrats Royalty Sometimes divine king

House decoration

CLEARINGS Cameroon Congo Congo (Dem Rep of) Ghana Ivory Coast Gabon part CAR Liberia Sierra Leone

Forest Agriculture Difficult farming --modest yields Shifting cultivation No livestock

Axe, hoe, iron Root crops--yams, cassava Banana Palms

Lineages & family units Patrilineal

Good sculptors

Heavy wood carvings

Benin Bronzes

Indigo--stamping method

Weaving: both women and men, but different looms

GRANARIES Congo (DRC) Angola Zambia Malawi Zimbabwe Mozambique

Granaries

Agriculture Savanna Shifting cultivation, fallow Poor soils/ hoe/iron Fertilization methods

Surplus for Market

Livestock More productive than clearings

Lozi chiefs

Chiefs and states Redistribution Matrilineal and Patrilineal

Elaborate Decoration

Raffia cloth

Elaborate decoration

Masks are light weight and elaborately decorated