A transformative partnership in common bean research for healthy diets, income security and sustainable eco-efficient Agriculture Clare Mukankusi Mugisha International year of pulses celebration-Uganda 15th December, 2016 CIAT

Outline Introduction The Pan- Africa bean research alliance (PABRA) model Achievements of PABRA Concluding remarks

Under weight children (< 5 years of age)

Overweight & Obesity … Undernut Sustainable Food Systems - nutrition? Let me first briefly introduce you the driving dynamics that are coming with growing urbanization The first issue is an health issue with the nutritional « double burden  » of urban citizens with a persistent phenomenon of undernutrition and a new one of overweight or obesity. We have included these figures to stress how big the problem of nutrition in our actual food systems is. The other health isssue is about urban food quality. For instance, in Indonesian cities the food distribution is going unformal that means there is no longer public control on food quality in some cities. What are the consequences? Now, in poor neighbourhoods you can find food with toxics products that are contaminating the population od these neighbourhoods and causing serious diseases. 2 things different in Health issue : urban diets and urban food quality A second issue is about FW and CP. As we can see, it’s a crucial issue : 1/3 of all food is wasted! What we know is that there is a.. -Multiplying effect of urban and income growth on food waste. That means in proportion, food waste is higher in cities. -But if you want to reduce the total amount of food wasted you also have to consider the all food system : from the production to avoid crop losses to the urban consumption to minimize food waste. Sustainable Food Systems - nutrition?

Why Pulses? Play an important role in the fight against malnutrition Woman’s crop Ability to make their own for other crops nitrogen fertilizer Boost livestock health and yields TOP 10 REASONS TO EAT PULSES LOW-FAT LOW-SODIUM GOOD SOURCE OF IRON GOOD SOURCE OF PROTEIN EXCELLENT SUPPLIER OF FIBRE EXCELLENT SOURCE OF FOLATE GOOD SUPPLIER OF POTASSIUM LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX CHOLESTEROL-FREE GLUTEN-FREE Ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen to usable forms-make their own nitrogen fertilizer. Boost overall land productivity as fixed nitrogen is available to subsequent crops Rotation of pulses and cereals help to break cycles of pests and diseases Alternative crops to sell and income stability in the face of volatile cereal prices Pulses can unlock doors of opportunity for rural women as they often grown and sold by women farmers Pulses play an important role in the fight against malnutrition. Contain two to three times as much protein as cereals such as rice, wheat, or maize and can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer An important source of micronutrients such as iron and zinc Pulses such as beans are delicious-can be used as key ingredients in many foods including porridge flours, snacks and sauces Livestock health and yields can get a boost when animals are fed non-grain portions of pulse plants CIAT

Grain legume Production in 2014 (Tons) Legume type World Eastern* Africa Southern Africa Soybean 306,519,256 535,779 948,000 Groundnut 43,915,365 3,491,091 1,237,740 Common beans 48,250,168 4,378,147 106,939 Chickpea 13,730,998 581,582 65,912 Cowpea 5,589,216 485,011 5,726 Pigeonpea 4,890,099 627,364 456,144 Common beans play an important role in diets of the populations in E.A. Source (FAOstat, 2016): http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC CIAT

Bean quantities (gms) consumed per person per day in a period of 7 days, wealth category in the rural and urban areas of Uganda First two quintiles represent 40% of Ugandan and is the proportion of those living under the poverty line. Implies that with more resources more rural people would eat beans CIAT

Common Bean Production and Yield in ESA Productivity still low Bush beans Current: 0.4-1 tha-1 Potential 2-3 tha-1 Climbing beans Current: 0.9-2.5 tha-1 Potential: 4-5 tha-1 Multiple constraints that limit bean productivity A:BIOTIC Drought (>60% area) Heat (beans not viable in 50% area by 2050) Low soil fertility (N deficiency; 60% Africa, P deficiency; 50%, Al toxicity 40%) Excessive rainfall Cold BIOTIC: Pests (field and post harvest) Diseases (Fungal, bacterial and viral) Other factors: Population pressure – migration to drier areas, less fertile Bean utilisation and marketability (perceptions, awareness creation) CIAT

The Pan- Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) Model: Impactful Partnership 10 countries 10 countries WECABREN Aims to respond to African needs through research where CIAT and its partners have a comparative advantage. Contribute towards addressing the complex problems (poverty, productivity, climate change/variability) Add value and address both regional goals & system priorities. Define and exploit CIAT’s global and regional comparative advantages A partnership based on value addition, synergy and achieving common and strategic goals (research and development). The PABRA research approach is holistic in nature and it works across the entire bean value chain, with activities starting from variety development right up to consumption of beans.– and led by – the value addition and marketing of the beans. Basically PABRA contributes to improving health, food security and income of smallholder farmers through bean research in breeding new bean varieties, improving access to good quality seed and farming technologies as well as increasing farmer participation in profitable markets. PABRA works with more than 400 partners across Africa. These partners are organisations that support the development of national bean programmes and enable PABRA achieve wide impacts. The partners include national agricultural research institutions, sub-regional organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs), universities, farmers, private sector and donors. PABRA is thus made up of an international network of bean researchers, 31 national agricultural research institutions from 31 African countries, and the more than 400 partner organizations in Africa. 11 countries DONORS: GAC, SDC, USAID, BMGF, McKnight, SYNGENTA FOUNDATION, IDRC, AFDB, KHT, SADC-FANR , AGRA, NGO, GO CIAT

INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES 5 YEAR FRAMEWORK FOR PABRA RESEARCH Improving economic growth, food security, nutrition status, gender equity and the natural resource base for better livelihoods of smallholder households in Sub-Saharan Africa Increased utilization of dry bean products for food security Increased trade of market demanded bean products in a gender equitable manner Increased utilization of improved bean based products for nutrition security in a gender equitable and sustainable manner Increased and gender equitable access to high yielding dry bean varieties and productive ICM technologies   Increased access to industrial bean-based products and trade, in national, regional and international markets in a gender equitable manner Increased access to market demanded snap bean products in a gender equitable manner Increased access to micronutrient rich bean products among the vulnerable groups in a gender equitable manner Enabling environment to facilitate availability of bean based bean products promoted through gender mainstreaming, capacity building, knowledge management, policy influence, information management, M&E & Impact Assessment INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES IMMEDIATE OUTCOMES ULTIMATE OUTCOME CIAT

Breeding and Seed systems

Variety releases (2009-2015) Country Multiple stress tolerant   Multiple stress tolerant Biofortified Niche market Total phase releases 1. Burundi 8 11 - 19 2. DRC-E 7 26 3. DRC-W 4 4. Rwanda 16 10 30 5. Kenya 15 3 18 6. Uganda 13 7. Ethiopia 21 8. Madagascar 12 9. Malawi 2 10. Mozambique 1 6 11. S. Tanzania 14 12. Zambia 13. Zimbabwe 5 14. Lesotho 15. Swaziland 16. S. DRC 17. South Africa 18. Mauritius 19. S. Tanzania 20. Cameroon 21. Guinea Conakry 22. Congo Brazzaville 23. Senegal Total 172 46 25 243

An efficient network of breeders for enhanced release of bean varieties across PABRA countries Uganda Kenya Rwanda DR Congo S. Africa Malawi Zambia Madagascar Ethiopia S. Tanzania Tanzania Zimbabwe Dark Red Kidney Climbing Beans Snap Beans (French) Large White Small White Carioca (small striped) Sugar, Tan & Yellow Pinto Small Red Uganda, Malawi Large Red Mottled Regional Networks/CIAT Strategic Research Backstopping, Technical Support and Capacity Building CIAT-HQ Elite breeding lines, breeding methodologies, tools, capacity building and backstopping PABRA countries without active Breeding Programs: ECABREN: Burundi and Sudan, SABRN: Angola, SDRC, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique and Swaziland; WECABREN: Cameroon, Mali, Central Afr Rep, Ghana, Senegal, Togo, Burkina Faso, Guinea, S/Leone, Congo Universities/ARI Testing methodologies, understanding genetics etc.. MAC 44 SER125 NUA45 MAC 44, MAC 70 SMR 53 MAC 64 Less endowed national programs have released varieties through PABRA networking Varieties released in Guinea, Congo Brazzaville and Senegal, were first tested and released in Cameroon.

Taking the varieties to farmers: Innovations in seed systems Bean Innovation Platform Extensionists Researchers Local leaders Micro-finance/insurance/MIS Inputs Suppliers Processors Storage/ warehousing Transporters Marketers Buyers Seeds multipliers Farmers groups Participatory variety selection Use of pluralistic seed multiplication approaches that target farmers, and the private sector Use of innovative seed delivery pathways Small packs Seed loans Seed supply through local agro-dealers shop NGO supported seed systems: seed fairs Commercial companies

In total between 2009 and 2015, 490 partners were engaged in bean seed production and delivery At least 23 million households were reached with seed of improved bean varieties in period of 5 years 57,961,000kg of seed of improved varieties produced across 22 countries

Increased bean productivity: Ethiopia (2005-2014). Increased bean production and area under beans: Ethiopia (2005-2014) Success attributed to an enabling policy environment, increase in investment in inputs and availability of regional and international market More than 70% increase in bean productivity: from 0.861 tons per ha to 1.49 tons per ha between 2004 and 2014. CIAT

CIAT/PABRA achievements in Uganda Strengthening capacity of bean research More than 30 Ugandan scientists (MSc and PhD) have been trained at CIAT Uganda and now contribute to addressing challenges facing Agriculture in Uganda Increased use of improved varieties in farmers field In Uganda, improved bean varieties released since 1996 were cultivated on about 125,000ha in 2012 Impressive yield from improved varieties Productivity in Uganda has increased by about 60% slightly higher than that for Rwanda (53%) In collaboration with our partners, CIAT has conducted (and continue to conduct) a number of adoption and impact assessment studies on its research interventions, with the following results CIAT

Enhancing bean value chains for better nutrition and incomes

Common bean products Dry beans: most common in African countries, usually non-graded Pre-cooked beans: A new upcoming products with high potential in many countries, available in Rwanda, Zambia and expanding to other countries including Uganda Canned beans: In a number of countries, esp. Southern Africa Bean flour: Newly developed product in Uganda Snaps beans: Highly traded as export product in Kenya and being developed in Rwanda and other countries (West Africa)

Increased bean exports and revenue: Ethiopia (2005-2014) Export volumes (tons) Revenues ($US)

Tackling malnutrition with beans Breeding and Bioefficacy studies (HarvestPlus) Analysis of diets-Dietary surveys Community based nutrition Food basket School lunch programs (Madagascar) Value chains Product development: Bean based porridge Nutritional value along the VC- Do markets drain nutritious Bioefficacy of Biofortified Beans College age Women in Rwanda Change in Iron Status (final - inicial)

Fostering innovation and managing knowledge: An Innovation Platform for Nutrition National School Feeding Program of Madagascar using the bean-based flour. Key actors working together PROFIT Company (food sector) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry of Health, Ministry of National Education Ministry of Trade Ministry of Finance Ministry of Population, Social Protection and Women Promotion Nutrition and food basket approach Country level nutrition level advocacy Madagascar inclusion of in school feeding approaches CIAT

Concluding remarks Climate Suitability: Heat tolerance as an example “Thirty heat-tolerant lines are productive even with night-time temperatures above 22 degrees Celsius (about 72 degrees Fahrenheit). Normally, bean yields start to falter when the temperatures exceed 18 or 19 degrees Celsius (about 64 to 66 degrees Fahrenheit)” Steve Beebe (CIAT) http://www.cgiar.org/consortium-news/beans-that-beat-the-heat/ 2020 2020 - changes Most of the suitable environments are likely to be limited by temperatures (orange) Estimates of Bean Adaptability with Heat Tolerant Beans with 3oC advantage Current adaptability The “do-nothing” scenario - 2050 Plus 3 degrees adaptation - 2050

Mapping of Bean flows in PABRA Countries Concluding remarks Bean corridors: Opportunities Corridors provide context for public and private sector investment, as well as market support services Ensure continuous or sustainable flow of products and services across regions Corridors can contribute significantly to national and regional trade for food security Provide clear link between project intervention and intended outcomes at a larger scale (for targeted volumes) A context for balanced achievement of outcomes (nutrition, gender and livelihoods) Mapping of Bean flows in PABRA Countries East African bean corridors Movement of beans across Africa: centers of large scale production, distribution and consumption as well as services Guinea, Senegal, Mali Gulf of Guinea bean corridor Southern Africa bean corridor Madagascar bean corridor Corridors provide context for public and private sector investment, as well as market support services Ensure continuous or sustainable flow of products and services across regions Corridors can contribute significantly to national and regional trade for food security Provide clear link between project intervention and intended outcomes at a larger scale (for targeted volumes) A context for balanced achievement of outcomes (nutrition, gender and livelihoods) CIAT

DOR 390 vs [SMR 138 x (SCR 16 x SMC 170)], 78 ppm Fe Concluding remarks Biofortification More superior biofortified varieties: Multiple trait breeding approach: aim for >90ppm Fe and >30ppm Zn Studies on bio efficacy of micronutrients are still limited and more research is required Breeding for lower phytate content to improve iron and zinc absorption by the body. DOR 390 vs [SMR 138 x (SCR 16 x SMC 170)], 78 ppm Fe DOR 390 CIAT

Concluding remarks Advocacy for nutrition Nutritional benefits of pulses in general are often greatly underestimated Specific funding dedicated to improving pulse production, consumption Enabling policies for enabling environment More empirical research to highlight pulses’ functional and nutritional properties to help food entrepreneurs target vulnerable populations such as school-feeding programs and in nutritious healthy snacks In some cultures pulses are considered a ‘poor man’s food’ replaced by meat once people can afford meat. CIAT

Visit: www.pabra-africa.org

Acknowledgments DONORS: GAC, SDC, USAID, BMGF, McKnight, SYNGENTA FOUNDATION, IDRC, AFDB, KHT, SADC-FANR , AGRA, NGO, GO