Do Now What led to the discovery of cells? What scientists were involved in the discovery of cells and the cell theory?

The History of the Cell The Cell The basic unit of an organism Discovery made possible by the invention of the microscope

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dscY_2QQbKU

Microscopes and Cells 1600’s. Anton van Leeuwenhoek first described living cells as seen through a simple microscope.

Microscopes and Cells 1830’s. Mathias Schleiden identified the first plant cells and concluded that all plants made of cells. Thomas Schwann made the same conclusion about animal cells.

Cell Theory All organisms are made up of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms. All cells come from other cells already in existence.

Why do you think it is important to study cells and how is this important to science?

Cells There are 200 different kinds of cells in the human body! Shape of cells is dependent on Function Red blood cells have a circular shape that resembles a shallow bowl, but they can change shape without breaking to squeeze through smaller spaces if necessary. White blood cells have different shapes, depending on their function. While they can multiply easily, they don't change shape.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Two basic cell types Karyon= Nut or kernel Pro= Before Eu= true Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote # of Cells Size Organelles DNA Example

Two Basic Cell Types 1) Prokaryote Lacks internal compartments. No true nucleus. Most are single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Examples: bacteria

Two Basic Cell Types 2) Eukaryote Has several internal structures (organelles). True nucleus. Either unicellular or multicellular. unicellular example: yeast multicellular examples: plants and animals

Do Now Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Give examples of each.

Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell BOUNDARIES CELL MEMBRANE (Plasma membrane) boundary between the cell and its external environment Semi-permeable/selectively permeable Made of 2 layers of lipid (phospholipid) with embedded proteins

Lets Draw the cell membrane! Cell membrane is referred to as a fluid mosaic model Video

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell Boundaries A) Plasma Membrane -- Serves as a boundary between the cell and its external environment. -- Allows materials to pass in and out of the cell.

CELL WALL Protects and maintains structure Plant cell walls are made of cellulose Bacteria, fungi, and some protozoa have cells walls- made of chitin and sometimes proteins

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell B) Cell Wall -- Surrounds the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, bacteria, and fungi. -- Plant cell walls contain cellulose while fungi cell walls contain chitin.

Do Now The plasma membrane is comprised on heads and tails in the phospholipid bilayer. Describe the characteristics of these heads and tails.

Control center of the cell Protects DNA Nucleus Control center of the cell Protects DNA Prokaryotic cells do not have a defined nucleus: they have a nucleoid region

Lets Draw the nucleus!

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 2) Controls A) Nucleus Regulates cell function. Surrounded by a double-layered membrane (nuclear enveloped) with large pores that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus. Contains chromatin – long tangles of DNA.

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 2) Controls B) Nucleolus Found in the nucleus and responsible for ribosome production. Ribosomes are the sites of protein production.

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 3) Assembly Cytoplasm The jelly-like material that surrounds the organelles.

Cytoplasm The fluid in the cell also called cytosol Contains enzymes, fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids that are used to keep the cell working. Cyclosis or cytoplasmic streaming: The movement of cytoplasm within a living cell. It transports nutrients, enzymes, and larger particles within cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions as a manufacturing and packaging system network of membranes found throughout the cell and connected to the nucleus. Two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 4) Transport A) Endoplasmic reticulum Folded membrane that acts as the cell’s delivery system. Smooth E.R. contains enzymes for lipid synthesis. Rough E.R. is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Golgi apparatus Protein packaging factories (post office/UPS of the cell) Lets Draw!

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 4) Transport B) Golgi apparatus (or Golgi body) A series of flattened sacs where newly made lipids and proteins from the E.R. are repackaged and shipped to the plasma membrane.

When enough proteins have been synthesized, they collect and are pinched off in vesicles

DO NOW Describe the process in which proteins and lipids are transported out of the cell (Name and describe the function of all organelles involved in this process) Why is the nucleus known as the “control center?”

Vacuoles Storage bins to the cells Found in both animal and plant cells, but larger in plant cells Store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination Structure: membrane that surrounds a mass of fluid

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell Vacuoles A sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane used to store food, fluid, or waste products.

Lysosomes Function: digest food, breakdown old cell parts and foreign invaders Contains hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes) Originates from the Golgi apparatus Video

Here's something scientists are still trying to figure out Here's something scientists are still trying to figure out. If the lysosome holds many types of enzymes, how can the lysosome survive? Lysosomes are designed to break down complex molecules and pieces of the cell. Why don't the enzymes break down the membrane that surrounds the lysosome?

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell B) Lysosomes Contain a digestive enzyme. Can fuse with vacuoles to digest food, or can digest worn cell parts. Also known as “suicide sacs” because they can also destroy the whole cell.

Mitochondria Digestive system: Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell Site for cellular respiration Contains two membranes (double-membrane organelle)

Lets draw the mitochondria ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Video

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 6) Energy Transformers A) Mitochondria Produce the energy for the cell. Also known as the “powerhouse of the cell”. Has a highly folded inner membrane (cristae).

Chloroplasts Food producers of the cell Animal cells DO NOT have chloroplasts Function: to convert light energy of the sun into sugars used by cells CHLOROPHYLL molecules in the chloroplast capture light energy from the sun

Lets draw the chloroplast Photosynthesis

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell B) Chloroplasts -- Found in plant cells and some protists. -- Transforms light energy into chemical energy which is stored in food molecules. -- Contain chlorophyll – a green pigment that traps light energy and gives plants their green color.

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar? How are they different? DO NOW How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar? How are they different?

Cytoskeleton Composed of Microtubules and Microfilaments Microtubules: Thick, strong spirals Microfilaments: long, thin, skinny protein Cytoskeleton provides structure

Microtubules Cell division: Connect to chromosomes to help with cell’s first split Locomotion in protists- cilia and flagella

Microfilaments Cell movement microfilaments are found attached to proteins on the cell membrane Binding proteins allow microfilaments to push and pull on cell membrane to help the cell move

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 7) Support Cytoskeleton A network of thin, fibrous materials that act as a scaffold and support the organelles. Microtubules – hollow filaments of protein. Microfilaments – solid filaments of protein.

Locomotion Microtubules combine in specific arrangements to form cilia and flagella Cilia: little hairs outside a paramecium or other protists Flagella: long, thick tails

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 8) Locomotion A) Cilia Short, numerous, hair-like projections from the plasma membrane. Move with a coordinated beating action.

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 8) Locomotion B) Flagella Longer, less numerous projections from the plasma membrane. Move with a whip-like action.

Cilia and flagella

Centrioles Found near the nucleus (centrosome) Function in the process of cell division (mitosis and meiosis) During the time of cell division, there is a total of 4 centrioles Meet a centriole

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell 9) Cell Division A)Centrioles made of protein. play a role in the splitting of the cell into two cells. found in animal and fungi cells.

Pick your favorite organelle! Instagram it! Describe the function of this organelle How would the cell be affected if this organelle did not exist? When you are done, stick it up on the board