KC 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange Period 4 )1450-1750 CE)

KC 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange Connections of Eastern & Western Hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging marked a key transformation of this period

In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an INTENSIFICATION of all EXISTING regional trade networks that brought prosperity & economic disruption to the merchants & governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, & Overland Russia.

Technological Development European technological developments in cartography & navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, & Asian worlds

New Tools Astrolabe New maps

Innovations in Ship Designs Caravels

Improved Understanding Global wind & current patterns

Royal Chartered European Monopoly Companies Association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration, & colonization Usually under the patronage of one state, which facilitated the company’s charter Facilitated global circulation of goods

European Merchants’ Role in Asian Trade Characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region

Silver Trade Commercialization & the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas

Joint-Stock Companies Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic & colonial economies & by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade

Mercantilism Economic theory & practice, dominant in modernized parts of Europe during the 16th to the 18th century, that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers Includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods

The Atlantic System

The Columbian Exchange

Spread of Diseases European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations Smallpox, measles, & influenza And the unintentional transfer of vermin Mosquitoes & rats

FROM the Americas American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, & Africa Potatoes, maize, manioc Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor & were exported mostly to Europe & the Middle East in this period Sugar, tobacco

TO the Americas Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, & domesticated animals brought by Europeans Horses, cattle, pigs Other foods brought by African slaves Okra, rice

Effect Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops

Effect European colonization & the introduction of European Agriculture & settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation & soil depletion

The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres & intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread & reform of existing religions & created syncretic belief systems & practices.

Islam As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local cultural practices Split between Sunni & Shi’a traditions of Islam intensified Sufi practices became more widespread

Christianity Christianity continued to spread throughout the world & was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion & the REFORMATION

Buddhism spread within Asia

Syncretic & New Forms of Religion Vodun in the Caribbean Cults of Saints in South America Sikhism in South Asia

Innovations in Visual & Performing Arts Renaissance in Europe Miniature paintings in the Middle East & South Asia Wood block prints in Japan Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica

Literacy Expanded & was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, & works of literature in Afro Eurasia Shakespeare, Cervantes, Sundiata, Journey to the West, Kabuki