How we analysis meaning 30 1 How we analysis meaning 201011800 유란희 200910380 유원영

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING CONTENTS 2 Ⅰ Intro ⅱ Semantic fields ⅲ Collocations ⅳ Sense relations ⅴ Conclusion

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING INTRO 3 ▶ Language is seen as a network of systematic relationships between units of meaning. > Term word to discuss semantic units, and this is the traditional use. > However, if we wish to enquire precisely into semantic matters, we must find an alternative.

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING INTRO 4 > There are three main reason ① Word is used in ways that obscure the study of meaning. Ex) walk, walks, walking, walked ->? ② Word is useless for the study of idioms. Ex) kick the bucket ③ Word has in any case been appropriated for use elsewhere in linguistic study.

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING INTRO 5 ▶ Therefore, we use basic units of semantic analysis, lexeme. ▷ Lexeme and word are different. In Shakespeare, we count around 30,000 different word. But we count less than 20,000 different lexemes.

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Semantic Fields 6 ▶ To organize lexemes into fields of meaning ▶ The lexeme interrelate, defining each other in specific ways. > parts of the body, vehicles, fruits > form a semantic field

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Semantic Fields 7 ▶ But there is a great deal of fuzziness as we move from one part of the language to another. ex) noise, ornaments ▶ There have been many philosophical and linguist attempts to organize the concepts or words in a language – notably in Thesaurus > the famous Thesaurus of Peter Mark Roget (1852) > divided into six main area

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Semantic Fields 8 ▶ Thesauruses have….. > prove to be a useful adjunct to many practical linguistic activities > however, contain no information about the way the lexemes relate to each other ▶ There is no semantic reality in alphabetical order ex) aunt and uncle / big and little ▶ We need to develop an alternative conception based on our intuition that small groups of lexemes are related in sense.

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Semantic Fields 9 ▶ Modern accounts of semantic structure recognize two main kinds of relationship between lexemes. Collocations Sense Relation

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Collocations 10 ▶ The way lexemes occur in sequences ▶ Collocation is the tendency of lexemes to work together predictable ways ex) totally predictable: spick & span more predictable: blond & hair/ flock & sheep/ neigh & horse less predictable: letter & alphabet, spelling, box, post, write no predictable: have/ get

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Collocations 11 ▶ Collocation differ between languages ⓐ English/Modern Hebrew > we ‘face’ problems and ‘interpret’ dreams > we have to ‘stand in front of’ problems and ‘solve’ dreams ⓑ English/Japanese >drink / 飲む – water, soup, tablets and smoking

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Collocations 12 ▶ Collocation ≠ association of ideas ex) green with jealousy, white coffee buxom& lads and lasses > only with the latter ▶ Collocation ≠ idiosyncratic links between ideas that we express in words ex) psychiatrist ‘free associate’ ▶ Collocation are links between lexemes made by all who speak a language

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Sense Relation 13 ▶ The way lexemes can substitute for each other in a sentence ex) new radio ? old radio ? ▶ Sense relation is a change of meaning that we recognize as an opposite >> Several types of substitution have been recognized

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Sense Relation 14 ⑴ Synonymy = the relationship of sameness or similarity of meaning ex) car & automobile cf) range & selection ( a – of/ etc) ⑵ Hyponymy = the notion of inclusion ex) rose ⊂ flower cf) demiourgos ( carpenter, doctor, flautist)

Sense Relation 15 ⑶ Antonymy HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Sense Relation 15 ⑶ Antonymy = the relationship of oppositeness of meaning ⑷ Incompatibilty = sets of lexemes that are mutually exclusive members of the same superordinate category ex) red, blue, green in colour cf) black-white films Gradable Expression of degree big/small Nongradable No expression of degree single/married Converse Two way contrasts that are interdependent buy/sell

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING Conclusion 16 There are not the only sense relationships in language Wheel / Car Day / Week √ It is plain that the lexemes of a language are interrelated in many intricate ways

HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING F & Q 17 Thank you