Reformation Dr. Andy Mansfield.

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Presentation transcript:

Reformation Dr. Andy Mansfield

A Time of Fear Political: (eg. ‘Great Schism’ (1378 – 1417)) The Ottoman Empire: aggression & slavery State Disunity World not in decay Expanding Knowledge Humanism & Erasmus Empty Fifth Lateran Council (1512 – 17)

St. Augustine of Hippo (354 - 430) Original Sin: The Fall St. Paul: Human worthlessness Christ’s sacrifice for Elect (Grace) Predestination – God’s arbitrary salvation & unchangeable will C12/ C13 - Nominalists

Origen & Erasmus All saved at the Last Judgement (incl. Devil) Platonic Soul: corrupt flesh, uncorrupted spirit Erasmus followed Greek speaking Origen Origen (c. 184 – c. 253)

Luther’s Developing Theology Augustinian Influence: The Psalms – focus on Christ and Scripture Romans 1:17 – trapped by sin & the Elect Righteousness – Christ’s sacrifice allows salvation Gift of Faith (grace) = God’s mercy & anger

Church Corruption Sacrosanctis (1515) Indulgences: Wrong doing - restitution Christ’s sacrifice & Fall Virgin & Saints in Heaven = ‘treasury of merit’ (Pope) Unigenitus (1343) Pope Leo X (1475 - 1521)

Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses (1517) 31 October 1517 - Nature of Repentance Christians should follow their head “through penalties, deaths, hells”. (2) Followers should be “more confident of entering heaven through tribulations rather than a false assurance of peace [indulgences]”.

(1) Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation - Pope not God’s representative: ‘Antichrist’ - Clergy self-interested and separate from laity. (2) The Babylonian Captivity of the Church Mass not a sacrifice - Clergy not special (3) The Freedom of a Christian Predestination: good works are natural to saved

Diet of Worms (1521) Luther Convicted Attracts followers The Emperor’s Wars Success of Lutheranism Charles V (1500 - 58)

Huldrych Zwingli (1484 - 1531) Admirer of Erasmus – Christianity improves society Spirit & God Zwingli’s Sausage Zurich: Massacred (1531)

German Peasants’ Revolts Divergent Reform 1524-25: Popular Revolt & Peasants’ War (Thomas Müntzer) ‘Two Kingdoms Theory’ – temporal & spiritual realms Diet of Augsburg (1530) – Philip Melanchthon

Reformation in England Hatred of Luther King’s Divorce – upset Pope Act of Supremacy (1534) Tyndale’s Bible & Continent

Jean Calvin (1509 - 64) The Institutes (1536): True wisdom is knowledge of God or of ourselves Inner examination reveals human shame – need God’s grace Politics: ‘true Catholics’ Structured Church Protestant Divisions: Calvin & Bucer

Counter-Reformation Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reform of the Catholic Church (Sacraments, Abuses, Training & Orders/ Jesuits) Phillip II of Spain Index of Forbidden Books (1563) End of C16: 1/3 returned to Church of Rome

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Peace of Augsburg (1555) Politics & Religion More dead than WW1 as a percentage of population Westphalia Peace: politics (nations) over religion