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Section 2: People and Their Environment Introduction Section 1: The Economy Section 2: People and Their Environment Visual Summary Chapter Menu

Most of Latin America’s people live in cities, yet most of the region’s countries rely heavily on agriculture. Latin America today faces the challenge of developing modern, industrial economies that promote regional and global trade, but do not destroy its natural resources. Chapter Intro 1

Section 1: The Economy Patterns of economic interdependence vary among the world’s countries. The economies of most Latin American countries still depend on agriculture, but many of the region’s countries are trying to develop their economies by promoting trade within the region and with the rest of the world. Chapter Intro 2

Section 2: People and Their Environment Changes occur in the use, distribution, and importance of natural resources. Rapidly increasing human populations and consumer demand for natural resources place tremendous stress on these resources and pose serious challenges for the preservation of rain forests in Latin America. Chapter Intro 3

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The Economy Latin America has promoted economic development through trade within the region and with the rest of the world. Section 1-GTR

The Economy export gross domestic product (GDP) service industry maquiladora free trade zone campesino latifundia minifundia cash crop developing country Section 1-GTR

The Economy distributed reliable overall Section 1-GTR

The Economy A. Guatemala B. Colombia C. Honduras D. Ciudad Juárez E. Tijuana F. Dominican Republic Section 1-GTR

The Economy What industries have been crucial to the Caribbean economy? A. Manufacturing B. Agriculture C. Service A B C Section 1

Economic Activities Latin America’s economic development has been affected by many factors, including physical geography. Latin America struggles with: Unevenly distributed farmland between a small group of wealthy landowners and a much larger group of campesinos Share in Total Latin American Exports, 2005 Section 1

Economic Activities (cont.) Economic inequality Dependence upon export products, such as bananas, sugarcane, and coffee Industrial growth, which is limited by physical features such as the Andes Economic Activity in Latin America Section 1

Economic Activities (cont.) Positive factors in Latin America: Suitable region for growing cash crops Many developing countries Service industries are diversifying. Section 1

Most of the region’s countries depend on which type of industry to supply a major portion of their incomes? A. Service industries B. Manufacturing C. Technology D. Agriculture A B C D Section 1

Transportation and Communications Latin American countries are working to improve transportation and communications systems necessary for economic development. Latin America’s physical geography affects transportation and communications. Transportation—roads and railroads must often cross many physical barriers. Section 1

Transportation and Communications (cont.) The Pan-American highway is a good road system, however. Some countries have well-developed rail systems. Inland waterways are very important. Air travel will help as it becomes more affordable. Transportation Networks Section 1

Transportation and Communications (cont.) Communications—Latin America’s communications networks include newspapers, radio, and television, but are often censored by governments during political unrest. Internet use is expected to grow rapidly. Section 1

Which of the following is an inland waterway in Latin America? A. The Danube River B. The Colorado River C. The Panama Canal D. The Nile A B C D Section 1

Trade and Interdependence Many Latin American countries developed their economies by promoting trade and decreasing foreign debts. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)—trade among Mexico, the U.S., and Canada increased 10–15% annually after the agreement was implemented, but the agreement has been controversial in general. Section 1

Trade and Interdependence (cont.) CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement)—the U.S. and six Central American countries signed this agreement into law in 2005, hoping to lower trade barriers. Many Latin American countries are still repaying the debt to foreign banks from funds borrowed in the ‘60s and ‘70s, which is hindering needed domestic programs. Mexican Exports to the United States Section 1

What affect has NAFTA had on Mexico since it was implemented? A. Exports have increased. B. International investment has decreased. C. Number of jobs has remained the same. A B C Section 1

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People and Their Environment This section discusses the importance of natural resources in Latin America and the challenges the region faces in preserving these resources as human populations, urbanization, and industrialization continue to increase. Section 2-GTR

People and Their Environment deforestation reforestation shantytown sustainable development slash-and-burn farming apparent conflict available Section 2-GTR

People and Their Environment A. Costa Rica B. Santiago C. Montserrat Section 2-GTR

People and Their Environment Latin America’s physical geography makes the region vulnerable to what? A. Guerilla warfare B. Natural disasters C. Deforestation A B C Section 2

Managing Resources Latin America is working to protect the environment while facing rapid urbanization and growing human needs. The rain forests in Latin America are disappearing as a result of deforestation. Section 2

Managing Resources (cont.) The land is being used for: Farming Ranching Timber and other products Section 2

Managing Resources (cont.) The destruction of rainforests leads to the loss of: Biologically rich ecosystems/biodiversity. Key medicines and treatments for cancer and other diseases. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Section 2

Managing Resources (cont.) Helpful actions: New methods of farming, mining, and logging Conservation Responsible tourism Reforestation Section 2

Most of the remaining expanses of rainforests are located in which country? A. Brazil B. Guyana C. Ecuador D. Peru A B C D Section 2

Human Impact Rapid urbanization and industrial growth have placed tremendous stress on available natural resources in Latin America. Problems due to rapid urbanization: Insufficient jobs or housing for many people Natural disasters can wipe out entire communities. Section 2

Human Impact (cont.) Unsanitary areas and the spread of disease Air pollution Section 2

Human Impact (cont.) Problems due to industrial growth: Air and water pollution Urban Growth in Latin America Section 2

Harvested rain forest products are used by the United States for what? A. Flooring B. Medicines C. Crops A B C Section 2

Future Challenges Latin America faces many international challenges, including conflicts over natural resources and preparing for natural disasters. During the past 150 years, Latin America has faced a number of territorial conflicts over strategic locations or rights to valuable natural resources. Section 2

Future Challenges (cont.) Latin American governments are cooperating in order to forecast: Hurricanes Volcanic eruptions Border Conflicts and Natural Resources Section 2

A. By developing treaties B. By bringing in armies How are international investors encouraging Latin American countries to end border disputes? A. By developing treaties B. By bringing in armies C. Offering economic incentives D. Offering to relocate their companies into that region A B C D Section 2

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An Open Economy Latin America has gradually opened up its economy to outside investment from businesses and countries around the world. Through the NAFTA and CAFTA trade agreements, barriers to trade have been reduced in Mexico and Central America. Although opening the market has brought in many jobs, critics say many of those jobs are dangerous. Many Latin American countries have also accepted loans that they are unable to repay, causing their economies to stagnate. VS 1

Population Pressures VS 2

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export a commodity sent from one country to another for purposes of trade Vocab1

campesino farm worker; generally, people who live and work in rural areas Vocab2

latifundia in Latin America, large agricultural estates owned by families or corporations Vocab3

minifundia in Latin America, small farms that produce food chiefly for family use Vocab4

cash crop farm products grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family Vocab5

developing country country in the process of becoming industrialized Vocab6

gross domestic product (GDP) the value of goods and services created within a country in a year Vocab7

service industry business that provides a service instead of making goods Vocab8

maquiladora in Mexico, a manufacturing plant set up by a foreign firm Vocab9

free trade zone an area of a country in which trade restrictions do not apply Vocab10

deforestation the loss or destruction of forests, mainly for logging or farming Vocab11

sustainable development technological and economic growth that does not deplete the human and natural resources of a given area Vocab12

slash-and-burn farming traditional farming method in which all trees and plants in an area are cut and burned to add nutrients to the soil Vocab13

reforestation planting young trees or seeds on lands where trees have been cut or destroyed Vocab14

shantytown a makeshift community on the edge of a city Vocab15

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