Reproductive Systems

Reproduction Function: 2 Types: Reproduction is the process through which living things produce new individuals of the same kind. Function: essential for the continuation and survival of a species. 2 Types: Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Reproduction that required ONLY 1 parent. Produces offspring are 100% identical to the parent. (4 chromosomes) (4 chromosomes each)

Types of Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation: A new organism can grow and develop from a fragment of the parent organism. Ex. Sea Star Budding: A daughter cell grows off of the parent organism and eventually falls off. Ex. Hydra Binary Fission: The parent organism is replaced by two daughter organisms. Ex. Bacteria

Pros & Cons Pros (Advantages) Cons (Disadvantages) Faster reproductive rates. Less complicated. Less energy required. Doesn’t require a second parent. Cons (Disadvantages) Decreases variation Higher rates of extinction due to environmental changes.

Sexual Reproduction Reproduction that requires 2 parents. Produces offspring that are a 50/50 combination of both parents. (22 chromosomes) (22 chromosomes) (44 chromosomes)

Pros & Cons Pros (Advantages) Cons (Disadvantages) Genetic variation Reduced rates of extinction. Cons (Disadvantages) Requires time and energy to search for a partner. Slower reproductive rates. Greater risk of mutations

Gametes In sexual reproduction, each parent provides a different sex cell, gamete. Male sex cell = sperm or pollen Female sex cell = egg or seeds Contains half the chromosome number of the whole organism. Human = 46 chromosomes Sex cells = 23 chromosomes each

Male Gametes Pollen: flowering plants Sperm: mammals Contained on the anther of the stamen. Transported by wind, water, or organism. Sperm: mammals Produced in the testes due to the hormone testosterone. Transported in a liquid medium, semen.

Male Reproductive System Urinary Bladder Vas deferens Glands Urethra Testes

Male Reproductive System Testes – produce sperm. Enclosed in an external sac = scrotum temperature regulator that ensures healthy production of sperm : Too hot – lowers testes away from the body Too cool – raises testes closer to the body Urinary Bladder Vas deferens Glands Urethra Testes

Male Reproductive System Vas deferens – tube that connects the testes to the urethra. glands release fluids, that provide nutrients and the liquid medium needed by the sperm to move through the female’s system – semen. Urinary Bladder Vas deferens Glands Urethra Testes

Male Reproductive System Urethra - Semen, sperm and fluids, move down the urethra and out of the man’s body through the penis. Penis is the male sex organ. What other body system is the urethra used in? Urinary Bladder Vas deferens Urethra Glands Testes Urinary System

Male Sterilization Castration - animals Vasectomy - humans Permanent Testes are completely removed. Vasectomy - humans Vas Deferens is tied off or cut. Sperm can not travel past the separation.

Female Gametes Egg Cell: mammals Produced in the ovaries due to the hormone estrogen. Seeds: flowering plants Contained in the ovary of the pistil. Seeds

Female Reproductive System Oviduct Uterus Ovary Cervix Vagina Uterine Lining

Female Reproductive System Ovaries – produce egg cells, ova. A mature egg is released from an ovary - Ovulation. Opposite sides each month. At birth a female has her lifetime supply of eggs in her ovaries. Oviduct Uterus Ovary Cervix Vagina Uterine Lining

Female Reproductive System Oviduct – tube that connects the ovary to the uterus. Cilia sweep the egg down the oviduct toward the uterus. Fertilization takes place here! An egg can only be fertilized for 24 hrs after ovulation and then begins to break down. Oviduct Uterus Ovary Cervix Vagina Uterine Lining

The Oviducts Oviduct abnormalities account for 25% to 50% of female infertility. Blocked tubes can alter the functioning of the oviducts making it so fertilization cannot take place, infertility. Healthy Blocked

Fertilization – Yes or No? Figure 1 NO Egg is in the oviduct. No sperm present to fertilize the egg. No fertilization! Future Pregnancies? Yes, if sperm and egg are both present.

Fertilization – Yes or No? Figure 2 Yes Egg is in the oviduct. Sperm are present in the uterus. Fertilization can take place.

Fertilization – Yes or No? Figure 3 NO Egg is in the ovary. Sperm are present in the uterus. Sperm cannot fertilize the egg until it is released into the oviduct. Future Pregnancies? Yes, if sperm and egg are both in the right location.

Fertilization – Yes or No? Figure 4 NO Egg is in the ovary. Sperm are present in the uterus. Both oviducts are blocked, sperm will never be able to fertilize the egg. Future Pregnancies? NEVER!

Female Reproductive System Uterus - womb Pear-shaped Muscular walls Nutrient-rich lining If the egg was not fertilized the nutrient-rich lining begins to break down and leaves the body - menstruation. Oviduct Uterus Ovary Cervix Vagina Uterine Lining

Female Reproductive System Cervix - Small muscular opening that separates the uterus from the vagina. Vagina – The birth canal. Oviduct Uterus Ovary Cervix Vagina Vagina Uterine Lining

Female Birth Control Methods Females have many more birth control options available then males: Permanent Tubal Ligation – cutting of the oviducts Hysterectomy – removal of the uterus Tubal Ligation Hysterectomy

Female Birth Control Methods Temporary 3. Birth Control Pill – 4. Intrauterine Device (IUD) – (There are many more methods but these are some of the most common!)