Introduction to Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Welcome to the Introduction to Computer Science: Basic Computing Concepts Including History. This is lecture a.   The component, Introduction to Computer Science, provides a basic overview of computer architecture; data organization, representation and structure; structure of programming languages; and networking and data communication. It also includes the basic terminology of computing. Lecture a This material (Comp 4 Unit 1) was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 90WT0001. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 4.0

Basic Computing Concepts Including History Learning Objectives - 1 Define what a computer is (Lecture a) Describe different types of computers, including PCs, mobile devices, and embedded computers (Lecture a) Define common elements of computer systems (Lecture a) The learning objectives for this unit, Basic Computing Concepts Including History, are to: Define what a computer is; Describe different types of computers, including PCs, mobile devices, and embedded computers; Define the common elements of computer systems;

Basic Computing Concepts Including History Learning Objectives - 2 Describe typical hardware and software options for desktop, laptop, and server systems for home and business use with an emphasis on health care systems (Lecture b) Explain the development of computers and the Internet, including health care systems, up to the present time (Lectures c and d) Describe typical hardware and software options for desktop, laptop, and server systems for home and business use with an emphasis on health care systems; and Explain the development of computers and the Internet, including health care systems, up to the present time.

Computer Definition One that computes; specifically: A programmable usually electronic, device that can store, retrieve, and process data (Merriam-Webster) Originally, term applied to people This lecture will define what a computer is, describe different types of computers, and define common elements of computer systems. According to Webster’s dictionary a computer is “one that computes” -- specifically a programmable, usually electronic, device that can store, retrieve, and process data. Originally this term applied to people, since they were the ones who performed the first computations. We now use the term “computer” to refer almost exclusively to electronic devices that do computations. Nevertheless, the definition of a computer is far broader than just a desktop or laptop computer; it also includes any electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. Man doing computations (EPA, 1973)

Types of Computers: Personal Computers Desktop Computer Laptop/Notebook/ Netbook Tablets/iPad Smartphones MSI laptop computer (Kristoferb, 2010) The first computers were extremely large and expensive. They were developed by the government, universities, and large corporations. In the 1970s, personal computers were introduced. These were used by businesses and eventually became commonplace by the 1980s and 90s. The first personal computers were desktop computers, then laptops were introduced. Notebooks and netbooks are basically smaller, lighter laptops. Tablet computers have touch screens and are usually very small and light. Personal computers are becoming faster, more powerful, and smaller as technology progresses. Today, personal computing has become even more widespread with the advent of mobile computing and smart phones. Initially mobile phones were not considered personal computers, but now smart phones have functionality and systems similar to personal computers. They have an operating system, large memory, significant storage, network connectivity, and applications-- nicknamed apps. Android Smartphone (Unamed102, nd.) Samsung Galaxy Note Tablet series (Pang Ka Kit, 2014)

Types of Computers: Large-Scale Computers Mainframe Server Supercomputer IBM 704 Mainframe (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) Another type of computer is the large-scale computer. They are very large, fast computers used by corporations and the government. They can store, calculate, and process huge amounts of data very quickly. Mainframes and servers perform multiple tasks on large amounts of data. Supercomputers execute extraordinarily complex computations at incredibly high speeds. Today’s supercomputers and mainframes are capable of handling even more data and computations to meet the demand of modern applications. Scientific applications, for example, can become more precise and faster with more computing power and storage. Columbia Supercomputer (Trower, NASA)

Types of Computers: Embedded Computers DVD player (Kristoferb, 2010) Dishwasher (Paes, n.d.) Another type of computer is the embedded computer. Embedded computers are contained within larger devices. They can be found everywhere, and you may not even be aware of them. Anything that has some smartness to it has an embedded computer. Most electronic devices today are actually computers -- everything from microwaves, to DVD players, to MP3 players, to antilock brake systems. These computers are not general purpose ones like our desktop computers. Instead they were designed to provide a specific functionality with very limited input, such as the load, play, pause, forward, and reverse buttons on a DVD player, and very specific outcomes. MRI Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging (NINDS, NIH, n.d.) ABS Brakes (Dean, 2007)

Computer Components Hardware Software All computers contain hardware and software. Hardware is what it sounds like—the physical equipment that makes up the computer. Software includes the programs that run on the hardware and make that computer useful. Graphic workstation (WPClipart, n.d.)

Computer Hardware: Input Devices Keyboard Touch Screen Mouse Microphones Camera Stylus Scanners Computer mouse (Openclipart, n.d.) Camera (J-P Kärnä, 2004) One type of computer hardware is the input device. Input devices allow users to input information into a computer. There are many different ways users can do this with a computer. Some examples are keystrokes on a keyboard, mouse clicks, touching a touch screen, speaking into a microphone, importing files from a camera, touching or writing with a stylus, and scanning a photo or a document. The input is then processed by the computer, and the appropriate action is taken. For example, if you click on a button at your favorite online store, the computer does something in response, like add an item to your shopping cart. Touch Screen (Intel Free Press, 2012) USB Microphones (Dynablast, 2007) Keyboard (Mrsi, 2010)

Computer Hardware: Output Devices Monitors Projectors Printers Speakers Output devices display or provide output of some task performed by a computer. When you use a personal computer, you are continually providing input through your keyboard and mouse and the resulting actions are displayed on your computer monitor. When you are typing a document in Microsoft Word, for example, each keystroke results in a character appearing on your monitor. Similarly, if you are projecting output from your computer instead of using a monitor, the output would appear projected onto a screen or wall. Printers are another way to get output from your computer. Speakers provide sound output, including the beeps and clicks that confirm that input was received. They can also be the sound from videos or music being played on a computer. Output devices: printer and monitor (Openclipart, n.d.)

Computer Hardware: Motherboard A motherboard is a printed circuit board Contains Processor Memory Connectors Expansion slots The mother board is the central printed circuit board of the computer. It contains the processor, memory, connectors, and expansion slots. We will discuss these components in detail next. Labeled diagram of Acer E360 Socket 939 motherboard (Moxfyre, 2008)

Computer Hardware: Processor Central Processing Unit (CPU; or “processor”): the computer’s "brain" Controls all computer functions Processing speed measure: hertz (Hz) Current systems run at GHz speeds The processor or central processing unit, or CPU, is the brain of the computer. It controls all functions of the computer and performs all of the operations. The CPU’s processing speed is measured in hertz. Current systems run at gigahertz speeds which are equivalent to billions of machine cycles per second. Having a fast CPU will give you a fast overall computer system, but is not the only determinant of the overall computer speed. We will talk about other factors that affect computer performance in addition to processor speed. Finally, modern systems have multiple CPU systems, or cores. Such computers can execute multiple instructions concurrently, which significantly improves overall computer speed. Intel 80486DX CPU (Dunn, 2005) Not sole computer speed determinant Modern systems have multiple processors (“cores”) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 4.0

Computer Hardware: Memory Two types Read Only Memory (ROM): permanent Random Access Memory (RAM): volatile “Primary storage” Running programs are stored in RAM Permanent programs stored in secondary storage Another part of computer hardware is the computer’s memory. There are two types—the first is called read-only memory which is abbreviated as ROM. Read-only memory is permanent, or non-volatile, memory. Anything that is stored in ROM will be there whether the computer is on or off. ROM stores system-level programs that have to be available at all times. For example, the computer’s Basic Input/Output System, or BIOS, are held in ROM. To learn more about the computer’s BIOS, see the unit titled Computer Software. Random access memory (RAM) is volatile. RAM is active only when a computer is on and running. Anything that is stored in RAM will not be saved once the computer is turned off. RAM is also known as primary storage, which is where programs are stored as they run. RAM is often just referred to as “memory”. Too little memory can slow down your computer, and adding more RAM can speed up your computer since it provides more space for programs to run. Remember, RAM holds all programs as they run, but is not where programs are stored permanently. For example, if you are editing a document using a word processor, the word processor is running in memory and your document is being stored in memory as well. That is why you have to save your document for it to persist after the word processing program ends. We have all had the unfortunate experience of not saving a document and having something awful happen like losing power or having the computer crash. Your document is lost, or at least all your recent edits are. That is because the document was saved only in RAM and it was not saved to permanent storage. So where are programs and documents saved permanently? They are saved in secondary storage. RAM Memory Modules (Cyberdex, 2006)

Computer Hardware: Secondary Storage Secondary storage is permanent, off chip storage Hard drives: internal and external Slower than ROM Secondary storage is where all programs, data, and files are stored permanently. Internal hard drives store your programs and data that you use often. External hard drives are separate from your computer’s case, and are often used to back up internal drives. Backing up is the process of making copies of some or all of the files on your computer. Refer to the References slides for additional resources that explain backing up in more detail. When you start a new program, the computer loads it into memory from the secondary storage. This process is relatively slow, so computers try to minimize the number of times needed to load or switch programs that are running in memory. Internal view of hard drive (Tomczak, 2004)

Computer Hardware: Other Storage Removable storage Optical drive USB flash drive DVD (Sherman, P. 2016) The other type of storage associated with your computer is removable storage. This includes optical drives, such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray, and USB flash drives. Flash drives are small portable drives that you can plug into your computer’s USB port. All removable storage allows users to store data such as videos, images, and backups. Removable storage also provides a way to transfer data and files from one computer to another. For example, if you took pictures of an event and downloaded the images to your computer, you could save them to a DVD and give the DVD to your friends so that they may have the photos as well. Sandisk-brand USB thumb drive, SanDisk Cruzer Micro, 4GB (Evan-Amos, 2011)

Computer Hardware: Connectors and Ports Ports connect peripheral devices to computers Universal serial bus (USB) port is very fast Other ports Video Audio FireWire Ethernet Modem Other parts of computer hardware are connectors and ports. Ports connect peripheral devices to your computer. Examples of peripheral devices are monitors, keyboards, mouse devices, printers, and network connections. A Universal Serial Bus, or USB, port is very fast and is often used to connect these devices. But there are other ports on your computer as well. There are ports for video; audio; FireWire, which is the Macintosh equivalent to USB; and the connections used for networks, such as an Ethernet or modem port. USB plug type A (A. Frank, 2005)

Computer Software: Operating System The operating system (OS) coordinates hardware and software Computers cannot run without an OS Allows users to interact with the computer Manages tasks in the CPU, memory, storage, peripheral devices, programs, etc. Examples: MS Windows, Mac OS, Linux That is a good basic summary of the hardware involved with computers. Now, let’s turn our attention to software. Without software, the hardware is virtually useless. The most important software that you have on your computer is its operating system. We abbreviate this as OS. The OS coordinates the hardware with the software applications on your computer. It is the layer between the programs you want to run and the hardware. It also provides a way for the user to interact with the computer. Today we are accustomed to operating systems that have graphical user interfaces, or GUIs, which means we interact with the computer using a mouse and keyboard. But there are OSes that just use typed commands - some examples are DOS, UNIX, and Linux. There are many operating systems that you might be familiar with. A very common one is Microsoft Windows. You may have also seen operating systems that run on Macintosh computers and you may have even seen Linux, which is the open-source version of the operating system known as Unix.

Computer Software: Application Software Programs you run Word processors EMR Spreadsheets Browsers Video games The other type of computer software that runs on your computer is called application software; also known as programs. Applications are what make computers useful for everyone. They are the reasons we use our computers for work, social networking, and entertainment. There are so many different types of applications available that it is impossible to list them all. But some examples that you may have used yourself are word processors; electronic medical records, or EMRs; spreadsheets; web browsers; and video games. Most software that you run on your computer is application software. OpenOffice Word Processor (Hribar, 2011)

More Components: Networks Allow computer to connect to others and to Internet Hardware: Network ports, connections, routers Software: Operating systems coordinate networking activities There are some other structures that could be considered components of computing systems. Networks and databases are used on many computers and are a combination of both hardware and software. Networks connect to other computers and to the Internet. There are hardware ports on computers to facilitate this. Cables connect computers to routers and to other network connections. The operating systems of the computer and the network coordinate networking activities.

More Components: Databases Collection of data easily stored and retrieved Hardware: server (computer and storage) Software: DBMS Databases are often parts of large applications. You may not have one on your computer but you may connect to one, especially online. Databases require a server, which is a computer with a large amount of storage, along with a database management system, or DBMS, which is the software that makes it work. Databases structure data in such a way that it is quickly and easily stored and retrieved, much faster than from a file or a spreadsheet.

Matching Software and Hardware Important to have a good match between the hardware and installed applications Software is the interface between the user and the computer Without meaningful, easy-to-use applications, people wouldn't use computers If hardware is slow, you cannot run applications that consume many resources Computer software and hardware work together to provide a system that is usable for people. Software enables the user to interact with the computer. Without meaningful, easy-to-use applications, people would not use computers. If the hardware is slow, large applications will not run well, if at all. So it is important to have a balance of hardware that can support the type of applications that you want to run and applications that are meaningful as well as easy to use.

Basic Computing Concepts Including History Summary – Lecture a Computers are electronic devices that accept input, manipulate, and output data Computers range from PCs to large mainframes and supercomputers Computers are also found in most electronic devices today Composed of hardware and software This concludes lecture a of Basic Computing Concepts Including History. In summary, computers are electronic devices that accept input from multiple sources, manipulate, calculate, and output data. Computers range from personal computers or PCs to large mainframes and super computers. Computers are also found in most electronic devices today. All computers are composed of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical equipment of the computer and software is the applications, or programs that we run on computers.

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – 1– Lecture a Computer. 2011. In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/computer c. 2011. Evans, A., Martin, K., & Poatsey, M.A. (2010). Chapter 1: Why Computers Matter to You. In Technology in Action: Complete (7th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Evans, A, Martin, K, & Poatsey MA. (2010). Chapter 2: Looking at Computers: Understanding the Parts. In Technology in Action: Complete (7th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Parsons, J.J., & Oja, D. (2010). Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics. In: New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2011: Comprehensive (13th ed.). Boston: Course Technology. Shelly, G.B., Vermaat, M.E. (2010). Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers. In: Discovering Computers 2011: Introductory (1st ed.). Boston: Course Technology; 2010. No Audio

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – 2– Lecture a Images Slide 4: Environmental Protection Agency. (1973, July). ARC - Archival Research Catalog. Retrieved November 2011, from The National Archives website: https://catalog.archives.gov/id/552357. Slide 5: Android Smartphone: Unamed102. Retrieved November 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_home.png. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Slide 5: Laptop: Kristoferb (talk). (2010, June 14). Retrieved November 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MSI_Laptop_computer.jpg. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Slide 5: Samsung Galaxy Note series. (2014, June 14). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smart_phones.jpg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. No Audio

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – 3– Lecture a Images Slide 6: The Columbia Supercomputer at NASA's Advanced Supercomputing Facility at Ames Research Center: Trower, NASA, (n.d.). Retrieved November 2011, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Supercomputer_-_NASA_Advanced_Supercomputing_Facility.jpg. This file is in the public domain. Slide 6: An IBM 704 mainframe. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2011, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm704.gif. The copyright holder of this file, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use, and all other use is permitted. No Audio

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – 4– Lecture a Images Slide 7: A portable DVD player by Philips: Evan-Amos. (2010, September 3). Retrieved November 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philips-portable-dvd-player.jpg. This image is in the public domain. Slide 7: ABS brakes: © by Jeff Dean. (2007, May 4). Retrieved November 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Absbrakes.jpg. The copyright holder of this file allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Slide 7: Dishwasher, open and loaded with dishes: Paes, C. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2011, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dishwasher_open_for_loading.jpg. The copyright holder of this work allows anyone to use it for any purpose including unrestricted redistribution, commercial use, and modification. No Audio

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – 5– Lecture a Images Slide 7: MRI: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2011, from http://www.lfmi.ninds.nih.gov/img117arrive.php. Slide 8: Graphic workstation: Public Domain. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2011, from http://www.wpclipart.com/computer/PCs/graphic_workstation.png.html. Slide 9: Computer Keyboard: Mrsi, I. (2010, August 23). Retrieved November 2011, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_keyboard_US.svg. Public domain. Slide 9: Computer Mouse: Public domain (nd.). Retrieved November 2011 from http://www.openclipart.org/detail/3038. Slide 9: Touchscreen: Online Shopping with Touchscreen Ultrabook: By Intel Free Press. (2012, March 1). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Online_Shopping_with_Touchscreen_Ultrabook.jpg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic License. No Audio

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – 6– Lecture a Images Slide 9: Microphones. By DynaBlast. (2007, June 15). Retrieved August 2011 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singstar_usb_microphones.png. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Slide 9: Digital Camera. Canon Digital IXUS 430 by J-P Kärnä. (2004, October 21). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_Digital_Ixus_430.jpg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Slide 10: Output devices: printer and monitor: maxim2. Public domain (2009, July 17). Retrieved November 2011 from https://openclipart.org/detail/27207/printer-monitor. Slide 11: Labeled diagram of Acer E360 Socket 939 motherboard. Moxfyre. (2008, September 23). Retrieved November 2011, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. No Audio

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – 7– Lecture a Images Slide 12: Intel 80486DX CPU. By Andrew Dunn (2005, November 9). Retrieved November 2011 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_80486DX2_bottom.jpg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License. Slide 13: RAM memory modules. Cyberdex (2006, March 20). Retrieved November 2011 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Memory_module_DDRAM_20-03-2006.jpg. This image is in the public domain. Slide 14: Internal view of hard drive. Robert Jacek Tomczak (2004, November 13). Retrieved November 2011 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hdd_od_srodka.jpg. This image is in the public domain. Slide 15: A Sandisk-brand USB thumb drive, SanDisk Cruzer Micro, 4GB. Evan-Amos, derivative work by Beao. (2011, January 30). Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SanDisk_Cruzer_Micro.png. This image is in the public domain. No Audio

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – 8– Lecture a Images Slide 15: CD DVD small bright: WPCLiipart. (n.d.). Retrieved June 25, 2016, from http://www.wpclipart.com/computer/disks/CD/CD_DVD_small_bright.png.html. This image is in the public domain. Slide 16: USB plug type A: Andreas Frank (2005, February 19). Retrieved November 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USB_TypeA_Plug.JPG. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license. Slide 18: OpenOffice Word Processor screenshot. M. Hribar (2011). No Audio

Introduction to Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including History Lecture a This material was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 90WT0001. No Audio