Topographical anatomy of limbs

Topographical anatomy of upper limb

Axillary fossa Pectoralis major Latissiumus dorsi

Axillary cavity

Axillary cavity

Axillary cavity`s walls Anterior wall Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Posterior wall Latissimus dorsi Subscapularis Teres major

Axillary cavity`s walls Medial wall Serratus anterior Posterior wall Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis

Axillary cavity`s content Axillary artery Axillary vein Branches of brachial plexus Fat Lymph nodes

Triangular and quadrangular foramina

Quadrangular foramen (foramen quadrilaterum) Lateral border surgical neck of humerus Medial border long head of triceps brachii Superior border subscapularis (anteriorly), teres minor (posteriorly); Inferior border teres major

Triangular foramen (foramen trilaterum) Lateral border long head of triceps brachii; Superior border subscapularis (anteriorly), teres minor (posteriorly); Inferior border teres major

Content of triangular and quadrangular foramina Axillary nerve; posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein Circumflex scapular artery and vein

Topography of upper arm Lateral bicipital sulcus Medial bicipital sulcus

Lateral biciptal sulcus Cephalic vein

Medial biciptal sulcus Basilic vein

Medial biciptal sulcus Brachial artery Brachial veins Median Nerve Ulnar nerve Medial cutaneous nerve of arm of forearm

Cubital fossa Brachialis Pronator teres Brachioradialis

Cubital fossa Biceps brachii Pronator teres Brachioradialis

Cubital fossa Brachial artery and veins Median nerve Ulnar nerve

Topography of forearm Radial sulcus Median sulcus Ulnar sulcus

Topography of forearm Radial sulcus: radial artery, veins and deep branch of radial nerve Median sulcus: median nerve Ulnar sulcus:ulnar artery, veins and nerve

Topography of forearm and hand Parona`s space Flexor retinaculum Carpal tunnel

Topography of forearm and hand Parona`s space is bounded: Posteriorly: by pronator quadratus and interosseous membrane; Anteriorly: flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus

Carpal tunnel is bounded: Posteriorly: by carpal bones; Anteriorly: flexor retinaculum

Carpal tunnel Contains: - Ulnar vessels and nerve; - Median nerve; - Tendons of flexor pollicis longus; flexores digitorum superficialis and profundus; flexor carpi radialis

Carpal tunnel

Synovial flexor sheaths in the palm digitorum superficialis and profundus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor pollicis longus

Palmar aponeurosis

Anatomical snuff box

Synovial extensor sheaths of the hand Extensor retinaculum 1. Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis 2. Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis 3. Extensor pollicis longus

Synovial extensor sheaths of the hand Extensor retinaculum 4. Extensor digitorum and extensor indicis 5. Extensor digiti minimi 6. Extensor carpi ulnaris

Topographical anatomy of lower limb

Openings in the pelvis Greater sciatic foramen Lesser sciatic foramen Obturator canal

Piriformis muscle

Foramen suprapiriforme Foramen infrapiriforme

Foramen suprapiriforme Superior gluteal artery Superior gluteal vein Superior gluteal nerve

Foramen infrapiriforme Inferior gluteal artery Inferior gluteal vein Inferior gluteal nerve Pudendal nerve Internal pudendal artery Internal pudendal vein Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh Sciatic nerve

Obturator canal Obturator artery Obturator vein Obturator nerve

Cribriform fascia Fascia lata

Saphenous hiatus Femoral vein Great saphenous vein

Lacuna vasorum (vascular space) Lacuna musculorum (muscular space)

Iliopsoas Femoral artery 2. Femoral nerve 2. Femoral vein Lacuna musculorum (muscular space) Lacuna vasorum (vascular space) Iliopsoas 2. Femoral nerve 3. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh Femoral artery 2. Femoral vein 3. Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve

Femoral ring

Femoral ring Femoral hernia

Femoral ring Anterosuperiorly – inguinal ligament Medially – lacunar ligament Posteroinferiorly – pectineal ligament Laterally – femoral vein

Femoral canal and its walls Anterior wall: inguinal ligament Posterior wall: deep layer of fascia lata Lateral wall: femoral vein

A Iliopsoas N V Pectineus Femoral nerve Femoral artery Femoral vein

Adductor (Hunter`s) canal

Adductor (Hunter`s) canal Adductor magnus Vastus medialis Lamina vastoadductoria

Adductor (Hunter`s) canal Femoral artery Femoral vein Saphenous nerve

Popliteal fossa

Popliteal fossa Semimembranosus Biceps femoris Medial head of gastrocnemius Lateral head of gastrocnemius

V N A Popliteal fossa Popliteal artery Popliteal vein Sciatic nerve and its branches N A

Cruropopliteal canal Posteriorly: soleus Anteriolry: tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus

Cruropopliteal canal Contains: tibial nerve; -posterior tibial artery - posterior tibial artery veins

Superior musculoperoneal canal is bounded Medially: upper third of fibula Laterally: peroneus longus

Superior musculoperoneal canal Contains: Common peroneal nerve

Inferior musculoperoneal canal is bounded Anteriorly: lower third of fibula Posteriorly: flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior

Inferior musculoperoneal canal Contains: Peroneal artery and veins

Lateral plantar groove Medial plantar groove Abductor digiti minimi Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis

Superior extensor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinaculum

Synovial extensor sheaths of foot 1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor hallucis longus 3. Extensor digitorum longus

Synovial sheaths in the lateral side of foot Superior and inferior retinacula of peroneal muscles Peroneus longus and brevis

Flexor retinaculum

Synovial flexor sheaths of foot 1. Tibialis posterior 2. Flexor digitorum longus 3. Flexor hallucis longus

Synovial sheaths in the sole Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Peroneus longus