Mapping the ontologies, methodological approaches and methods of social sciences: application of social network analysis Dmitry Zaytsev, Daria Drozdova National Research University Higher School of Economics Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2017 www.hse.ru

Research design: question and goal How do ontology shared by researcher implicitly defines his/her research focus, determines the choice of methodological approaches that already have standardly formulated research questions, and limit our analytical tools or methods? Research goal is to identify the most different clusters of related ontologies-approaches-and-methods in social sciences photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Research design: existed attempts Donatella della Porta and Michael Keating (eds.) Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences A Pluralist Perspective. Cambridge University Press 2008.

D. Marsh, G. Stoker. Theory and Methods in Political Science. Palgrave

Research design: initial model Ontologies or Paradigms – general philosophical attitudes related to certain academic tradition and school, which propose an answer to the questions: What is the social reality which we study? What we can really study in society? Methodological Approaches define research subject and the research question, as well as used theories and hypothesis Research Methods – concrete procedures which allow to answer the research question and test initial hypothesis or theories photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Methodological Approach Research design: initial model Paradigm Methodological Approach Methods Why to study \ research? What is social reality? How does social system work? What to study \ research? How to study \ research \ analyze \ evaluate \ measure ?

Paradigms Idealism Marxism Freudism Positivism Post positivism Neo/Post-Marxism (Post) Structuralism Postmodernism Methodological approaches Historical, Legal, Institutional Dialectical Materialism Psychoanalysis Behaviorism, System approach, Structural functionalism Phenomenological Sociology, Ethnomethodology, Theory of rational choice, Neo-institutionalism, Comparative analysis Structural constructivism, Actors Centered Social constructivism, Hermeneutic, Cultural approach Communicational, Feminism Methods Formal logic, Description, Analysis, Comparison, Deduction, Induction, Conceptual Analysis Interview, Experiment Survey, Formalized interviewing, Content analysis, Social Experiment, Statistics, Secondary Data Analysis Not-formalized interviewing, Focus groups, Mathematical modeling Comparative method, Social network analysis Case studies, Event analysis, Situational analysis, Impact Analysis, Policy Analysis Qualitative Methods of Text analysis, Discourse analysis Network Analysis Periods (starting from…) Ancient Greece… 19th century 1920-30ss 2 waves: 1920-40ss: 1950-60ss 1950-90ss 1970-90ss 1980-2000ss Disciplines Political History, Political Philosophy, Comparative Politics Political Psychology Political Sociology Political Economics Political Analysis Political Linguistics Political Communications

Mapping Paradigms, Methodological approaches and Methods Problems: no clear boundaries between Paradigms, Approaches and Methods periodization: starting point & accelerated appearance in the last decades of 20th century diverse understanding of paradigms / approaches / and even methods in different (sub-) disciplines

Research design: initial model Paradigms Approaches Methods photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2017

Data: paradigms - approaches photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Network: paradigms - approaches photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2017

Data: approaches - methods photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014

Network: approaches - methods photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2017

Network: paradigms – approaches - methods photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2017

Final Methods - Paradigms Matrix: reduction formula 𝐶 𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘 𝐴 𝑖𝑘 𝐵 𝑘𝑗 photo photo Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2017

Final Methods - Paradigms Matrix: standardized values

Final Methods - Paradigms Matrix: Clustering Results

Final Methods - Paradigms Matrix: with clustering results & pre-specifications about network structure ‘universal’, ‘specialized’ and ‘topside’ methods’ relational structure? ‘core-periphery’, ‘hierarchy’, ‘clustering’ or ‘brokerage’ methods’ relational structure?

Strong connection: if 𝑉 𝑝𝑚 > <𝑉 𝑝 > + 0.7 𝜎 𝑝 Final Methods - Paradigms Binary Matrix Strong connection: if 𝑉 𝑝𝑚 > <𝑉 𝑝 > + 0.7 𝜎 𝑝

Mapping Methods relationally: Clustering Results

Mapping Methods relationally: Blockmodel Results

Conclusion: work in progress Analysis of Textbook about methodology of social science (+textbooks and disciplines as nodes) Analysis of Papers published in advanced journals (+journals as nodes) Survey of experts in the methodology of social science (+experts as nodes) Survey of sociologists, political scientists, social psychologists (+scientist as nodes)