NOUNS

Names~ a person (boy, girl, mom, sister, dad, brother, baby) a place (school, house, movies, park, store, ocean) a thing (baseball, cat, desk, pen, pencil, paper, cow an idea (love, honesty, joy willingness, strength)

COMMON NOUNS PROPER NOUNS ~ names a GENERAL person, place, things, or idea ~ names a SPECIFIC person, place, things, or idea **Always use CAPITAL LETTERS *sister *composer *lake *team *democracy *Sarah *Beethoven *Michigan *Sox *Democrats/ Republicans

~ is made up of 2 or more words that act as a SINGLE noun COMPOUND NOUNS ~ is made up of 2 or more words that act as a SINGLE noun

toothbrush high school football baseball living room sister-in-law Brian Urlacher cottage cheese doghouse

COLLECTIVE NOUNS names a GROUP of people or things family team chorus school staff jury company band

CONCRETE vs. ABSTRACT CONCRETE NOUNS ~names things you can see or touch ABSTRACT NOUNS ~names things you CANNOT see or touch *emotions, ideas, state of mind, quality *friend *notebook *author *pencil *desk *clouds *happiness *surprise *imagination ***Usually only common nouns can be concrete or abstract!!!

POSSESSIVE NOUNS ~ a noun that names who or what has something ~ shows ownership ~ is someone who OWNS SOMETHING

Use only an apostrophe (‘) to form the An apostrophe and s (‘s) forms the possessive of most singular nouns and of plural nouns that do not end with s. Child - child’s toy Children - children’s bikes Use only an apostrophe (‘) to form the possessive of plural nouns that end with s. girls - girls’ dolls teams - teams’ uniforms It’s is a contraction = it is Its = possessive (no apostrophe)

APPOSITIVES ~ a noun or phrase that gives additional information about another noun in a sentence. “extra” information *Mrs. Zinkel, a teacher, is very nice. *The Bears, a great team, started recently. *We have a great baseball team, the Sox.

PLURALS S es s es s The plural form of a noun indicates that more than one person, place, or thing is being named. Plural forms are either regular or irregular. Regular nouns form their plurals by adding s or es. Most nouns have regular plural forms. S es s s es s es S es s es S es s es

Plurals Word Ending Rule Examples s, ss, x, z, zz, sh, ch Add es bus - busses mass - masses fox - foxes buzz - buzzes crash - crashes punch - punches o - preceded by a consonant tomato - tomatoes Exceptions: solo - solos (and other musical terms) o - preceded by a vowel Add s radio – radios

y - preceded by a consonant Change y to i and add es party - parties Word Ending Rule Examples y - preceded by a consonant Change y to i and add es party - parties discovery - discoveries y - preceded by a vowel Add s day - days monkey - monkeys ff bluff - bluffs staff - staffs fe Change f to v and add es knife - knives wife - wives f Add s or change f to v and add es chief - chiefs calf - calves leaf - leaves

Irregular Plurals Child - Mouse - Tooth - Deer - Ox - Man - Sheep - Crisis - Datum - Syllabus-

Irregular Plurals Child - children Mouse - mice Tooth - teeth Deer - deer Ox - oxen Man - men Sheep - sheep Crisis - crises Datum - data Syllabus- syllabi When a compound needs to be plural: add the “s” to the word that is plural: Mother-in-law = mothers-in-law Baseball = baseballs

Pronouns A word that can take the place of one or more nouns baseball ~ it Without: The firefighters described how the firefighters did the firefighters’ jobs. With: The firefighters described how they did their jobs.

Antecedent The word or groups of words the pronoun takes the place of *Aunt Connie is a cook. She bakes pies. *The book lists inventors. It is fascinating. *Mrs. Drews is a great librarian. She works at Liberty.

Personal Pronouns Pronouns that refer to a person Bubba ~ he Suzy Q ~ she

Personal Pronouns First Person I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Singular Plural First Person I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Second person you, your, yours Third person he, him, his she, her, hers it, its They, them, Their, theirs

*Stacy likes books. She collects mysteries. *These books are rare collectors’ items. _______ can only be found in specialty shops.

Three Cases or Categories of Personal Pronouns Nominitive Pronoun/Subject Pronoun: These pronouns will tell WHAT or WHO the sentence is about. (subject in the sentence) Singular: I, you, he, she, it Plural: we, you, they

2. Objective Pronouns: These pronouns are: *direct object–(after verb) *indirect object–(after verb) *object of preposition-(after preposition) Singular: me, you, him, her, it Plural: us, you, them

*3. Possessive Pronouns: pronouns that show ownership Before Nouns: Stands Alone: Singular: Plural: my our your his, her, its their Singular Plural: mine ours yours his ,hers, its theirs

Interrogative Pronoun Introduces an interrogative sentence Who *Who owns that pen? Whom *For whom is that car? Whose *Whose is this? Which Who=subject What Whom=object

Demonstrative Pronoun Points out specific things ~ nearby and at a distance (**take the place of the noun) This *This is a good apple. That *Those are new chairs. These Those **If this, that, these, those is used before a noun then it is an adjective and not a pronoun.

Indefinite Pronoun Does not refer to a particular person, place or thing

Always Singular: Another no one Anybody nothing Anyone one Anything other Each somebody Either someone Everybody something Everyone Everything Little Much Neither Nobody

Always Plural: Both Few Many Others Several Can be both Singular or Plural: All Any More Most None Some

Reflexive Pronoun Directs the actions back to the subject (after the verb!!!) “self” word *Sara brought herself back to the camp. *I treated myself to a new book.

Intensive Pronoun Adds emphasis to a noun/ pronoun already named. “self” word (comes after noun or pronoun) *Steven himself wrote a book. *Would the soldiers themselves save the chiefs?

Personal Pronouns and Agreement Personal pronouns MUST agree with their antecedents in person, number, and gender. What is wrong with these sentences? Mary likes cats. Its favorite is Bubba. A teacher likes teaching their students.

Mary likes cats. Her favorite is Bubba. A teacher likes teaching his or her students. If using 2 or more singular antecedents joined by OR or NOR – MUST have a singular pronoun. Either Becca or Megan will take her backpack.

If compound antecedent is joined by AND – MUST have plural pronoun. Becca and Megan will take their backpacks.

Remember all those indefinite pronouns? – You need to know them now! Always Singular: anyone, everyone, someone, anybody, everybody, somebody, each, either Each of the banners is blue. -Everyone in the first five rows was delighted.

Some can be singular or plural: all, any, more, most, none, some You need to use context clues to figure it out! Some of the milk is frozen. Some of the cookies are frozen, too.

The End!!!!