15 Contents Chapter Section 15.1 Brain Development from Four to Six Intellectual Development from Four to Six Contents Section 15.1 Brain Development from Four to Six Section 15.2 Learning from Four to Six

Section 15.1 Brain Development from Four to Six There are eight basic types of intelligence. Piaget, Vygotsky, and Montessori developed three of the many theories about intelligence and how people learn.

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary intelligence quotient (IQ) cultural bias multiple intelligences regulate oriented

What Is Intelligence? Intelligence tests are composed of tasks and questions that correspond to what is expected of children of various ages. Intelligence tests must be used with caution. Why should intelligence tests be used with caution?

What Is Intelligence? Gardner identified eight multiple intelligences: linguistic logical-mathematical spatial musical bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal naturalist multiple intelligences Abilities in problem solving or creating materials that have value.

Intellectual Development Researchers have identified intellectual skills commonly seen in children ages four to six. A child’s brain is able to handle increasingly complex skills over this time span.

Intellectual Development Children ages four to six are in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget. Four- to six-year-olds show four signs of preoperational thinking: make-believe play use of symbols egocentric viewpoint limited focus

Intellectual Development Vygotsky saw development as too complex to be divided into stages as Piaget proposed. Vygotsky stressed importance of past experiences and prior knowledge. The Montessori method focuses on the development of the senses, language, and motor skills.

Section 15.2 Learning from Four to Six Parents and caregivers find ways to assist their children in learning, to promote interest in the arts, and to help them with speech development. Parents also prepare children for the transition to school.

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary phoneme alliteration bilingual finger play foster articulation

Help Children Learn Parents and caregivers can encourage children’s enthusiasm for learning. Talking with children about their world and what they are doing encourages interests. Positive comments teach vocabulary and encourage feelings of self-worth. 11

Help Children Learn Children who enjoy reading will find learning easier and more fun. Parents and caregivers should encourage art and music development in children. How might parents encourage their child’s interest in art or music? 12

Speech Development As children get older, their vocabularies widen and sentences grow more complex. Some children may have problems with spoken language. 13

The School Experience Many parents place children in preschool so they can adjust to a school setting. Many states require a physical exam and immunization before a child starts school. 14

The School Experience Children must exhibit a level of readiness to be successful at school. Caregivers can help children make the transition to school. 15

Brain Development from Four to Six Chapter Summary Section 15.1 Brain Development from Four to Six Intelligence tests vary for children of different ages. Gardner identified eight types of intelligence. Piaget’s theory says children ages two to seven are in the preoperational period of thinking. Vygotsky and Montessori introduced influential theories of learning. 16

Learning from Four to Six Chapter Summary Section 15.2 Learning from Four to Six Making reading a regular part of children’s lives will encourage them to enjoy books in the future and promote learning. Between ages four and six, children’s language skills usually improve rapidly, but some children need help. Children starting school can be helped to prepare for new situations. 17

Review Do you remember the vocabulary terms from this chapter? Use the following slides to check your knowledge of the definitions. The slides in this section include both English and Spanish terms and definitions. Start

intelligence quotient (IQ) coeficiente intelectual (CI) A number obtained by comparing a child’s test results to those of other children the same age. Número obtenido al comparar los resultados que obtiene un niño en un examen con los de otros niños de su misma edad. Show Definition

predisposición cultural cultural bias predisposición cultural An advantage to people from one culture over other cultures. Ventaja de algunas personas sobre otras para pertenecer a una cultura específica. Show Definition

multiple intelligences inteligencia múltiple Abilities in problem solving or creating materials that have value. La habilidad de resolver problemas o crear materiales de alto valor. Show Definition

The smallest individual sound in a word, such as the ou in house. phoneme fonema The smallest individual sound in a word, such as the ou in house. Es el mínimo sonido individual en una palabra, como por ejemplo la c en casa. Show Definition

alliteration aliteración The repetition of beginning sounds. Repetición de sonidos al comienzo de palabras. Show Definition

Able to speak two languages. Con la habilidad de hablar dos idiomas. bilingual bilingüe Able to speak two languages. Con la habilidad de hablar dos idiomas. Show Definition

A song or chant with accompanying hand motions. finger play juego de dedos A song or chant with accompanying hand motions. Una canción o canto acompañado con movimientos de las manos. Show Definition

To control and bring to a desired level. regular regulate To control and bring to a desired level. Controlar y poner en un nivel deseado. Show Definition

orientado oriented Directed or positioned in a particular way. Dirigido o posicionado en una forma particular. Show Definition

fomentar foster To encourage the development of something. Promover el desarrollo de algo. Show Definition

articulación articulation The ability to use clear, distinct speech. Habilidad para hablar de manera clara. Show Definition

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