Nationalism, Sectionalism, Reform and Expansion Chapters 7, 8 and 9

Presidents Year President Accomplishments

Nationalism Extreme pride and patriotism in your country, the concern of the nation is more important than other interests

Sectionalism Division of the country North South Belief that own interests, based on location, section, or region are more important than other interests Division of the country North South

James Monroe 5th President - 1816 The Era of Good Feelings Adams-Onis Treaty – by JQA, US received FLA and agreed on border between LT and Spanish territory Monroe Doctrine The Western Hemisphere is closed to European Colonization

Missouri Compromise Missouri was admitted as a slave state Maine admitted as a free state Slavery prohibited in areas north of Missouri

John Quincy Adams

Election of 1824 Favorite sons Corrupt bargain John Quincy Adams

Politics Voting rights expanded 1828 Election Mudslinging-attacking candidates personally Two parties Democratic & National Republicans Republicans

Andrew Jackson Victorious Spoils system-appointing people to positions because of their previous support for the party Caucus-a closed meeting to choose a party’s nominee

Political Issues National Tariff Raised prices on British goods Called the Tariff of Abominations Opponent John Calhoun, Jacksons VP & a southerner Nullify-reject Secede-withdraw

Nullification Crisis SC declares tariff “null and void” Jackson receives Force Bill Solved by Henry Clay Compromised that the tariff would be reduced over 10 years

Issues Policies toward Native Americans Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears – Over 4000 Cherokee died

Whigs New political party formed of Jackson’s critics Wanted to expand government & encourage industry Centralize economy

Jackson Re-elected National Bank -Has government money taken out of bank and eventually has bank go out of business. Believed the Constitution did not give the government the authority to create it.

Industrial Revolution Change in commerce – began in Great Britain Factory Production Mill towns Inventions Interchangeable parts

Inventions Samuel Slater – Textile mill, water power for the machines Moses Brown – Spinning mill Eli Whitney – Cotton gin Robert Fulton – Steamboat Samuel F.B. Morse – Telegraph

Workforce Immigrants Women- Lowell Girls Organizations Nativism Irish & Germans Women- Lowell Girls Organizations Labor unions Strikes

Growth of Transportation Roads National Road Railroads Steam engine Canals Steamboats

The Erie Canal

Communication Morse Code Purpose? Benefits?

Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and other inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In addition to helping invent the telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code (bearing his name) that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines. In 1844, Morse sent his first telegraph message, from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland; by 1866, a telegraph line had been laid across the Atlantic Ocean from the U.S. to Europe. Although the telegraph had fallen out of widespread use by the start of the 21st century, replaced by the telephone, fax machine and Internet, it laid the groundwork for the communications revolution that led to those later innovations.

Agriculture Cash Crops Cotton Tobacco Rice Cotton Gin

Slave in cotton fields

Slaves and their homes

African Americans Enslaved Rebellion Free Task system Gang system Nat Turner Free

William Henry Harrison Elections of 1836 & 1840 Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison Caught pneumonia – died 32 days later John Tyler takes over

Martin Van Buren 1836

William Henry Harrison 1840

John Tyler

Reform A reform is a change usually for the better New religious groups Mormons Second Great Awakening

Reform Topics Education – Horace Mann Industry – Working conditions & wages Urbanization – Cleaning up the cities Temperance – Limit use of alcohol Women’s Rights – Political & voting Abolition – End slavery Prison – Better conditions Religion – Second Great Awakening

Religion Benevolent societies – spread the word of god and then tried to fix social problems Utopian societies

Revival Minister

Joseph Smith Organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Educational Reform Public School Normal Schools Needed educated workers Socially educated Normal Schools

Horace Mann

Women’s Movement Education The right to vote Seneca Falls Convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott Alice Paul

Alice Paul House – Mount Laurel, NJ

Literary Changes Transcendentalism – people can work with nature, the limits of the mind can be overcome Ralph Waldo Emerson Margaret Fuller Henry David Thoreau

Abolition Immediate end to slavery American Colonization Society – resettle slaves in Africa Emancipation – freeing of all slaves

Against Slavery Nat Turner Rebellion in VA. Underground Railroad William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator Quakers Frederick Douglass

Penny Press Mass newspapers Special Interest Magazines

Manifest Destiny Belief that the U.S. should spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

Movement West Squatters – settlers on land they did not own. Pre-emption Act – allowed these squatters to purchase some of this land.

Treaty of Fort Laramie - 1851 This was supposed to give defined territories of where settlers would cross the Great Plains ( Mississippi to the Rockies, Canada to Texas) and territories which would be the Native Americans forever.

U.S. Citizens in Texas Empresarios – agents who contracted to bring residents to Texas in exchange for land Mexico liberally allowed people to settle Stephen Austin

Texas Mexico closed its border in 1830 Two major defeats at the Alamo and Goliad The Battle of San Jacinto – Turning point Santa Anna captured

Annexation Texas wanted to be annexed (absorbed) by the U.S. as a slave state President Jackson did not want to upset the balance and made no move

Election of 1844 James K. Polk Wanted to add Texas, Oregon and California Compromised on 49th parallel Texas and Oregon annexed

War With Mexico Texas’ entry to Union outraged Mexico Dispute over southern border of Texas General Zachary Taylor War declared

War with Mexico Three pronged attack Bear Flag Republic – California Captured Mexico City

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Over 500,000 square miles of territory California, Nevada, Utah Parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming Rio Grande River southern border U.S. paid $15 million, took over Mexican debt

1. California 2. Texas 3. Normal school 4. John Quincy Adams 5. Sam Houston 6. John Tyler 7. Andrew Jackson 8. Frederick Douglass 9.Eli Whitney 10. Manifest Destiny 11. Corrupt Bargain 12. Favorite sons 13. James Polk 14. Nat Turner 15. Harriet Tubman 16. Seneca Falls 17. Democrats 18. Whigs 19. Missouri 20. Maine 21. Abolition 22.William Henry Harrison 23. Spoils system 24. Francis Lowell

1. Monroe Doctrine 2. Missouri Compromise 3. Secede 4. States’ rights 5. Trail of Tears 6. Telegraph 7. Temperance 8. Suffrage 9. Urbanization 10. Nationalism 11. Nullification 12. Cotton Gin 13. William Lloyd Garrison 14. Nativism 15. National Road 16. Horace Mann 17. Trancendentalism 18. Samuel Morse 19. Reform 20. Labor movement 21. Underground Railroad 22. Indian Removal Act 23. Sectionalism 21. Gold Rush

1. Pony Express 2. Mission system 3. Alamo 4. Bear Flag Revolt 5. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 5. Mexican Cession 6. John Tyler 7. Mormons 8. San Jacinto 9. Santa Anna 10.