Section 20.4 Society and Culture in the Industrial Age Jackson Allen, James Christie, Brendan Prior, Ashley Forschler

Emigration Emigration was large in Europe. Where people travelled from Europe, to North America, South America, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Between 1870-1900, more than 10 million people left Europe for the U.S.A. A majority of people that lived in Europe moved to areas of industrialization in northern and western Europe.

The Shift to the Cities As the population increased, changes in agriculture, industry and transportation produced another striking result- the rapid growth of cities. In 1800, not a single city in the western world had a population of 1 million, Yet only 100 years later, cities such as New York, London, Paris, and Berlin all had over a million inhabitants. City life became the living style for a good portion of people during the industrial revolution

Sanitation and Public Order People didn’t have water running in their homes, so people would have to go to a fountain to get their water supply. The water was of course polluted, but people didn’t know how to purify it. Cities didn’t have sewers until late in the century, so the cities smelled absolutely atrocious. New revelations fixed this, such as a sewage system, and stable Iron pipes. Other things were also introduced, like Police officers to enforce law, and buildings became sturdier and more comfortable.

The Development of Suburbs As cities grew, they became more crowded and their boundaries expanded to include surrounding areas. People moved to the suburbs because it was less crowded, not as noisy, and cleaner. However, working members had to traveled each day to get to work. At first, only employers, managers, merchants, and professionals had the luxuries of riding trains and horse-drawn buses. Eventually, lower fares allowed more people to use public transportation. Suburbs- residential areas on the outskirts of cities.

Improvements in Diet and Food Storage Food was improved as science and new technology made transporting food easier and healthier. Pasteurizing and refrigerating made keeping food fresh easier. Through these improvements, a healthy and balanced meal was available year round. In the early 1900s, biologists discovered the importance of vitamins and minerals in the diet.

Growth of Public Education The American and French revolutions made education more important for all the citizens. Public school systems begin to be established. Everyone had different opinions on what schools should be like Industrialists Other People (Unspecified Party) Military Leaders Ordinary People Wanted literate workers as well as more engineers, scientists, and skilled technicians Believed that state-sponsored schools, rather than private ones, were necessary to develop patriotic citizens Wanted educated soldiers for their armies Believed that education would improve their children’s chances for a better life

Education for Women During the 1800s, a great deal of debate focused on education for women. Few colleges accepted women during 1800s. Secondary education was limited Mary Lyon founded the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837.

Subjects stressed for men and women Math Philosophy Classics Science History Literature Home economics Foreign languages History Literature

Effects of Education People became more informed about current events due to the increase in quantities of newspapers, magazines, and books. Some newspapers had a particular political position. New technology was used to deliver news, such as the linotype, electric-powered rotary press, and telegraph. To expand circulation, newspapers lowered prices. Journalism opportunities grew and became a respected occupation.

Leisure and Cultural Activities Higher Class Sports Tennis Hunting Lower Class Sports Football Rugby Soccer Other activities that both social classes participated in involved visiting museums, concert halls and libraries. Previously musicians preformed privately for wealthy parties or religious services. During the 1800s music and art became more available to the public. Public parks and urban areas became more popular within crowded areas to reserve space for all. In the late 1800s, most cities had playgrounds and parks for recreation for children. Central Park in New York is an example of a public park for a city, as well as the Bois de Boulogne in Paris.