North & South Take Different Paths Chapter 11

The North Transformed 11.2 Buffalo Harbor, New York 1847

How did urbanization, technology, & social change affect the North? The North Transformed 11.2 Focus Question How did urbanization, technology, & social change affect the North? The Telegraph Photo of Pittsburgh late 1800s Immigration

The North Transformed 11.2 1800s – rapid urbanization driven by IR As capitalists built more factories, farmers were attracted to the cities for a new type of work As cities got more crowded, newly arriving immigrants would head west.

Pittsburgh 1840 Photo of Pittsburgh late 1800s

The North Transformed 11.2 Urban Issues: Filth, lack of good sewage systems, & lack of clean drinking water = DISEASE Citywide fires

The North Transformed 11.2 Filth, lack of sewage systems, & lack of clean drinking water = DISEASE

illustration of an early fire in New York City The North Transformed 11.2 Citywide fires – most buildings made of wood; Poorly trained/equipped firemen http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/america-worst-urban-riot-gave-rise-fdny-article-1.2195912 illustration of an early fire in New York City

The North Transformed 11.2 Growth of Northern Industry Telegraph Advances in Agriculture Advances in Manufacturing

The North Transformed 11.2 Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, which worked by sending electrical signals over a wire. Morse Code = used shorter and longer bursts of electricity as each letter of the alphabet is represented by it’s own mix of short signals (“dots”) and long signals (“dashes”).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsDk5_bktFo

The North Transformed 11.2 Telegraphs became a part of American life as thousands of miles of wires were strung across the nation to enable communication. One part of the country could communicate with another in hours, rather than weeks.

The North Transformed 11.2 Agriculture Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper, which cut stalks of wheat far faster than a human worker could. So, farmers could cultivate more land and harvest crops with fewer workers.

The North Transformed 11.2 Agriculture Improvements in threshers sped up the harvesting of grain. Threshers separate grains of wheat from their stalks, so the wheat grains can be ground into flour.

Buffalo Pitts Threshing Machine.

The North Transformed 11.2 Eventually, the mechanical reaper and the thresher were joined together in one machine called a combine.

The North Transformed 11.2 Manufacturing Farm workers who were replaced by machines went to work in the cities. 1846 – Elias Howe patented the sewing machine Isaac Singer – upgraded the sewing machine

Elias Howe - The Sewing Machine

The North Transformed 11.2 Factories in New England and the mid-Atlantic states were producing most of the nations manufactured goods. 1860 – Americans had over $1 billion invested in business, 90% of which was invested in business in the North.

The North Transformed 11.2 Transportation Revolution Steamboats & Clipper Ships Railroads

The North Transformed 11.2 1807 – Robert Fulton used a steam engine to power a boat, the Clermont; 1st steamboat Ideal for river travel

The North Transformed 11.2 1850 – clipper ships Long, slender American built ships with tall masts Yankee clippers = world’s fastest ships

The North Transformed 11.2 Baltimore & Ohio (B&O) = America’s 1st Railroad built in 1828 Cars were drawn along the track by horses.

The North Transformed 11.2 1830 – Peter Cooper built the 1st American-made steam locomotive, called the “Tom Thumb” Peter Cooper's "Tom Thumb." B. & O. R. R.

1840 – About 3,000 miles of RR track built in U.S.

The North Transformed 11.2 Immigration Rapid population growth in 1840s Millions of immigrants, mostly from western Europe due to: Opportunity of cheap land Job opportunities Push factors from their own home countries

The North Transformed 11.2 The Great Hunger 1845 – a fungus destroyed potato crop in Ireland, leading to famine Potato = staple crop for the country More than 1 million people starved to death; another million fled the country

The North Transformed 11.2 Many Irish immigrants came to U.S. and found work as: Lowly construction workers/RR track layers (men) Household workers (women) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Inyjgmsz20

The North Transformed 11.2 Nativists wanted to preserve the country for white, American-born Protestants. They especially opposed Irish immigrants since most Irish were Roman Catholic. Know-Nothings – secret nativists society; name came from response to inquiries about their secret order, “I know nothing.”

The North Transformed 11.2 Discrimination against black Americans in the North. Freedom didn’t grant equal treatment. Denied right to vote; not allowed to work in factories or skilled trades; most employers preferred white immigrants to black Americans.

The North Transformed 11.2 Racial segregation of schools, churches, & public facilities. Newspapers & advertisements portrayed black Americans as inferior. Freedom’s Journal, 1st newspaper owned and run by African American. Editor, John B. Russwurm, one of 1st black men to graduate from an American college.