Answer the following in your notebook: IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 12 March 10 DRILL Answer the following in your notebook: If non-renewable fuels come from renewable plants and animals, why do we call them non-renewable? http://www.palaestra.com/sun.gif

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-2 UNIT 3 Topics Covered IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER UNIT 3 Topics Covered Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels Classical Mechanics: Force, Work, Energy, and Power Trigonometry and Vectors Energy and Power Impacts of Current Generation and Use

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas. http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpointpresentations.html

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Often referred to as “gas” Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C http://www.altfuels.org/backgrnd/fuelchem.html C3H8 – Propane CH4 – Methane

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Methods of Extraction Associated – found in oil fields Non-associated – found in natural gas fields Coalbed Methane – found in coal beds Before use, it must undergo processing to remove everything but methane (such as CO2, N2, H2) http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NaturalGasProcessingPlant.jpg http://serc.carleton.edu/images/research_education/cretaceous/cbmrecovery.jpg

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Methods of Extraction Geologists locate types of rock that are known to contain gas and oil deposits. Seismic surveys – echoes from a vibration source Drilling begins, whether on land or offshore. NG flows up the well to the surface. Goes to processing or directly to transport pipeline NG is colorless, odorless, tasteless, so a chemical is added to give it odor – Mercaptan http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT www.encapgroup.com/drilling/

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Top World Producers Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%) 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (255,000 miles of pipeline). http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Storage and Transport NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers. NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in underground storage systems Old oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Processing http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Uses - HOME NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S. ~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water heaters, dryers, and other appliances. NG is raw material for: Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives Propane – barbecue grills http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Uses – INDUSTRY Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc. U.S. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas. http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpointpresentations.html

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction Crude oil forms and floats toward the surface of earth’s crust – has a lower density than brine Oil wells release petroleum to the surface. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction Oil Wells: Drill bit begins cutting into rock Drilling fluid (mixture of fluids, solids, chemicals) Cools the drill bit Removes cut rock (shows released oil when ready) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well http://www.columbia.edu/~ari2102/Drilling%20Overview/derrick.gif

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction Oil Wells: Often, natural pressure is enough to raise oil through the well to the surface. If not, pumps: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well http://www.columbia.edu/~ari2102/Drilling%20Overview/derrick.gif

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Oilfields_California.jpg http://bbsnews.net/bbsn_images_2005_summer/oil_platform.jpg California, 1938

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves Oil reservoirs contain estimated quantities of oil Oil reserves are estimated quantities of recoverable petroleum Limits to production (recovery): Technology – geology prevents getting there Economics – amount is not worth the cost http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT http://www.ems.psu.edu/~radovic/oil_reserves97.gif

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT http://www.ems.psu.edu/~radovic/oil_reserves97.gif

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/file.php/2292/S278_1_017i.jpg

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Barrels 1 Barrel = 42 Gallons Other nations use different units Oil is no longer transported in barrels – tankers and pipelines http://www.made-in-china.com/image/4f0j00oMyTqIlKHEctM/8000DWT-Product-Oil-Tanker.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/88/100488-004-D49E232F.jpg

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Refining Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful Varies in color – from clear to tar-black Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable forms – separated into parts Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refining

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Refining Different components of crude have different boiling points. When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid again – like steamed water in a pot Process: Crude is boiled Highest boiling points condense first Lower boiling points condense last http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refining

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Refining http://img.alibaba.com/photo/12033517/Crude_Oil_Refinery_Products_.jpg

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Refining http://img.alibaba.com/photo/12033517/Crude_Oil_Refinery_Products_.jpg

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Consumption Barrels per person per day http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:OilConsumptionpercapita.png

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Uses Primarily used to achieve mobility Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics, building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels Fuels and Energy Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption. FUEL ENERGY Fuels are a source of energy. Fuels are the material source of energy, containing it as a potential.

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels Fuel Types Non-renewable Fossil Fuels Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil) Nuclear – Uranium ore Renewable Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy. Formed from the heated and pressurized remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years. Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed. Volatile: natural gas and petroleum Nonvolatile: coal

Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal REVIEW Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial plants that died around 350 million years ago. Plant remains preserved in water and mud. Heat and Pressure http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpointpresentations.html

Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal Methods of Extraction Underground Mining: 60% of world production 33% of U.S. mining Uses timber for support tunnel Machines enter and extract coal Surface (Strip) Mining: More coal extracted than underground mining Exposes coal by removing land above deposits http://www.co.yamhill.or.us/pics/Yamhill/Coal%20Mine.jpg http://www.crmw.net/mtrtrip08/

Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal Uses Coal is mostly used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion. It is usually pulverized (crushed into small particles) then burned in a furnace for electricity generation at a power plant. ~40% of world’s electricity comes from coal ~49% of U.S. electricity comes from coal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal#Coal_as_fuel