Notre Dame de Paris: Construction began:1163 Completed :1345 Chapter 13 - The Rise of the Middle Ages Section 5: The Power of the Church Notre Dame de Paris: Construction began:1163 Completed :1345

Section 5: The Power of the Church Main Idea Reform and changes swept through the Christian Church, one of the most influential institutions in medieval Europe. Objectives What was the nature and influence of religion in the Middle Ages? What led to the growth of papal power in Europe? What changes in monasticism were introduced in the Middle Ages?

Throughout the Middle Ages, most Europeans were Christian. The church was one of the few sources of leadership and stability that people could rely upon. One historian has noted that “The continuity and the authority of the Church of Rome stood out in marked contrast against the short-lived kingdoms which rose and fell in the early Middle Ages.” As a result, the Catholic church became one of medieval Europe’s most powerful and enduring institutions.

I. Religion in the Middle Ages By 1200s, the church was Europe’s largest landowner and wealthiest institution

I. Religion in the Middle Ages Medieval church had broad political power, performing many government functions

I. Religion in the Middle Ages Clergy was organized in strict hierarchy of rank –parish priest was at bottom Saint John Marie-Baptiste Vianney is the patron saint of parish priests

I. Religion in the Middle Ages Priests directly served people in parish; administered five of the seven sacraments

I. Religion in the Middle Ages Bishops managed a diocese; performed sacraments of confirmation and holy orders

I. Religion in the Middle Ages Archbishops managed a group of several dioceses called an archdiocese To help things run smoothly, one bishop in each province has seniority. He's the archbishop and his diocese is the archdiocese, the chief diocese in a province.

I. Religion in the Middle Ages Cardinals - most important and powerful clergy; advised pope on legal and spiritual matters Raphael, Portrait of a Cardinal, 1510-12 Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi, Raphael 1518

II. Growth of Papal Power Popes held supreme authority during their pontificate; was head of church courts and could excommunicate Galileo in front of the Inquisition, 12 April 1633

II. Growth of Papal Power Mid 1000s – Pope Leo IX reformed church; concerned with simony; some bishops were excommunicated Saint Leo IX 21 June 1002 – 19 April 1054

II. Growth of Papal Power 1054 – Patriarch of Constantinople rejected pope’s authority and was excommunicated; church split

II. Growth of Papal Power Late 1000s - Kings or nobles selected bishops; changed when Pope Gregory VII disagreed and excommunicated HRE Henry IV The Investiture Controversy - dispute between Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over who would control appointments of church officials (investiture). Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry. Henry IV repented and then waited three days to meet Pope Gregory VII and the Countess Matilda to ask forgiveness.

IV. The Church and Medieval Life Church leaders were feudal lords and political advisors; popes held political and spiritual power over monarchs

III. Monasticism Monasticism - life in religious communities; monks in monasteries and nuns in convents

A monk at work in a monastic scriptorium III. Monasticism Monks and nuns served God through fasting, prayer, work, and self-denial A monk at work in a monastic scriptorium

III. Monasticism Benedict established monastery in the 500s; Benedictine Rule governed monks’ lives

III. Monasticism Benedictine Rule abandoned in 900s after rulers began appointing unqualified abbots

III. Monasticism Cluny, France - monastery reestablished Benedictine Rule and became most influential monastery in Europe