Best Mechanization Practices to avoid Burning of Straw National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif Campaign 2017 Recommendations of Group No. III on Best Mechanization Practices to avoid Burning of Straw

Participated States Bihar Chhattisgarh Haryana Madhya Pradesh Nagaland Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Residue generated, residue surplus and burned in Major States (Source: National Policy for Management of Crop Residues) Million tonne S.N. States Residue generation Residue surplus Residue burned 1 Andhra Pradesh 43.89 6.96 2.73 2 Bihar 25.29 5.08 3.19 3 Chhattisgarh 11.25 2.12 0.83 4 Gujarat 28.73 8.90 3.81 5 Haryana 27.83 11.22 9.08 6 Karnataka 33.94 8.98 5.66 7 Madhya Pradesh 33.18 10.22 6.91 8 Maharashtra 46.45 14.67 7.42 9 Orissa 20.07 3.68 1.34 10 Punjab 50.75 24.83 19.65 11 Rajasthan 29.32 8.52 1.78 12 Tamil Nadu 19.93 7.05 4.08 13 Uttar Pradesh 59.97 13.53 11.92 14 West Bengal 35.93 4.29 4.96

Impacts of Crop Residue Burning Pollution (Affecting Human health) & GH gases emission Loss of Nutrients e.g. N, P, K & S Mortality of active beneficial Soil Bacteria Soil hardening & erosion due to no cover Smoke & soot particles

Majority Residue Burned State Crop Residue Andhra Pradesh Paddy Bihar Paddy /Wheat Chhattisgarh Wheat /Paddy Gujarat Wheat Haryana Paddy/Wheat Karnataka Paddy/Wheat Madhya Pradesh Wheat Maharashtra Wheat/ Sugarcane Orissa Wheat Punjab Paddy/Wheat/ Sugarcane Rajasthan Wheat/ Paddy/Mustard Tamil Nadu Wheat Uttar Pradesh Wheat/Paddy/Sugarcane West Bengal Wheat

LOSS OF NUTRIENTS DUE TO PADDY STRAW BURNING (per ton basis) Nitrogen 5.5 kg Sulphur 1.2 kg Phosphorus (~40%)2.3 kg Potash (~10%) 25.0 kg Organic Carbon 400 kg

Challenges? Utilization of crop residue; Huge volume of crop residue; Collection & Storage; Time window between harvesting and sowing of two(next )crops; Awareness, Dissemination of Technology, Capacity Building of Technical Manpower and those of farmers; Cost-effective mechanization, availability of appropriate machinery; Utilization of crop residue; Technology up-gradation

Crop Residue Management Alternatives Bio Char / gasification Crop Residue Management Alternatives Fodder / Other purposes Incorporation in soil and Mulching/composting Direct seeding by zero-till or Happy Seeder Baling/ Binder for domestic/industrial as fuel

Technological Interventions. Retention of Crop Residue as Mulch and Incorporation of in soil. Use of crop residue for compost/vermin-compost/FYM Crop residue utilization for Mushroom Cultivation. Incentivize purchase of improved machineries to ensure minimum left over of crop residue. Promotion of Custom Hiring/ Agriculture Service Centres Improvement in combine harvester for In-situ management and other mechanism for collection of crop residue

Diversified Uses of Crop Residue. Use in Power Generation, production of cellulosic ethanol in PPP mode . Use of Crop Residue for paper/board/panel and packing material Promotion of collection of crop residue for feed bricks making and its transport to fodder deficient areas.

Capacity Building and Awareness Generation. Organizing training of farmers for awareness generation through mass and print media. Establishment of Custom Hiring Centres through Self Help Group of unemployed youth by providing subsidy Demonstration of crop residue management technologies.

Recover wheat straw after combine operation The left over wheat stalks after cut by combine harvester, thresh and blow out the straw to netted trolley attached which allows blowing of dust particles. Straw Reaper Advantages Recover wheat straw after combine operation Recovered wheat straw is used as cattle feed. The capacity of machine on an average is 0.4 ha/h and straw recovery is about 55- 60%. The quality of bhusa is comparable with that made available thresher. There is an additional grain recovery of 50-100 kg/ha. Cost: Rs 2,25,000 (Approx)

Advantages Reduce air pollution Reduces fuel and labour costs. A perfect machine for chopping all types of crop residue / straw such as wheat, Paddy, Maize, Sorghum, Sunflower etc. In a single operation, it chops the left behind straw/ stubbles and spread it on the ground. The chopped and spreaded stubbles are easily buried in the soil by the use of single operation of Rotavator or disc harrow Subsequently, wheat sowing is done as usual by the use of , no-till drill or traditional drill/other equipment Machine consists of a rotary shaft mounted with blades named as flail to harvest the straw and chopping unit consisting of knives. Paddy Straw Chopper Cost: Rs 2,00,000 (Approx) Advantages Reduce air pollution Reduces fuel and labour costs.

Cost: Rs 35000-40000 (Approx) Zero-till farming is a way of growing wheat / other crops without tillage or disturbing the soil in paddy/other crop harvested fields. Zero tillage Advantage 1.  Reduces labor, saves time 2.  Saves fuel 3.  Reduces machinery wear 4.  Improves soil tilth 5.  Increases organic matter 6.  Traps soil moisture 7.  Reduces soil erosion  8.  Improves water quality 9.  Improves air quality

Happy Seeder Advantages Happy Seeder is one of the unique techniques which is used for sowing seed without any burning of Crop residue. In this machine a Rotor unit is attached at front of seeding unit that cuts & spread straw in between the rows, as mulch. Majority of the residue is not disturbed and seed is sown in a single pass. This technology is eco friendly with environment for the health of soil as well as it also saves water. Cost : Rs 55000 (Approx)) Advantages Removes the need to burn rice stubble before planting wheat, therefore reducing air pollution. Direct sowing also reduces soil disturbance, enabling it to retain more nutrients, moisture and organic content. Saves money as less time is needed on carrying out field operations, which in turn reduces fuel and labour costs.

This machine shreds the weeds and stock of row crops in orchards MULCHER MACHINE Used for mulching of straws of crops such as rice, maize, sunflower and tobacco residues easily This machine shreds the weeds and stock of row crops in orchards Cutting height is adjustable by two wheels at the back of the machine. The knives which are jointed on the roller, rotates vertically. Cost: Rs 1,50,000(Approx)

Hay Rake It is  used to collect & cut hay or straw into windrows for later collection (e.g. by a baler). It is also designed to fluff up the hay and turn it over so that it may get dry. It reduces the work of baler and in Cost: Rs 2,70000/ (Approx)

Baler It is  used to compress raked residues of rice, wheat, fodders, sugarcane, legumes etc into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport, and store. Two different type of bale–rectangular or cylindrical, of various sizes, bound with twine, strapping, netting or wire. Advantage Crop residues are turned into bales which is used for animal feeding as well as bio fuels. Creates alternative business for farmers to sell bales to power plants. Save the environment from air pollution. Cost: Rs 2,25,000 to 18,00000(Approx)

Super Straw Management System (Super SMS): The Super SMS cuts the straw in small pieces and scatters it around behind the tail of the combine. An additional straw management system could be fitted to Self Propelled combine harvesters Advantages Easy direct sowing of wheat with happy seeder The scattered straw helps in conserving the soil moisture Avoid burning straw or removal of straw.

GROUP’S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROMOTION OF RESIDUE MANAGEMENT MACHINERY State Governments may be given full assistance for promotion through awareness by way of demonstration, training and capacity building Higher slabs of subsidy may be given to farmers for procurement of machinery More Custom hiring centres may be promoted for easy reach of costly equipment for small and marginal farmers at village level Incentivize farmers for adoption of various residue management operations Support for funding R&D/technological up-gradation to States Strengthening of Agricultural Engineering Extension Services (Special Directorate of Agricultural Engineering) on the pattern of Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Farm mechanization components in different schemes like NFSM, NMOOP, MIDH etc. be brought under single umbrella of SMAM for effective implementation and uniformity of assistance

Thank you