Cold War (US 78-79) Objectives TSW compare the needs for Cold War defense spending versus the needs to economic balance: military industrial complex. TSW examine the dire circumstances of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

United States v Soviet Union military-industrial-complex (78) Eisenhower (in his farewell address) warned that the country "must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence...by the military-industrial complex." President Eisenhower believed that the United States had "to maintain balance" between defense spending and the needs of a healthy economy. handout

United States v Soviet Union Cuba v U.S. (79) Between 1953 -1959, Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro battled the Bautista government. Castro started a Communist government in Cuba.

United States v Soviet Union Bay of Pigs Invasion (79) An unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba undertaken by Cuban exiles to the United States and funded by the CIA. (April 1961) Led to……

United States v Soviet Union Cuban Missile Crisis (79) In Oct 1962, the Soviet Union began placing nuclear missiles in Cuba to prevent an American invasion. The US took spy photographs, and demanded the missiles be removed.

United States v Soviet Union Cuban Missile Crisis (79) The US blockaded Cuba, and nuclear war seemed imminent to the entire world. After several days of negotiations, the USSR agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for the US removing missiles in Turkey and Italy. video 14:57

Quick Review What did President Eisenhower warn against? Who led the Cuban revolutionaries? What organization funded the Bay of Pigs? How did the Soviet Union respond to the Bay of Pigs?

Cold War (US 80-81) Objectives TSW assess the Vietnam War both at home and abroad. TSW connect the anti-war movement with general civil unrest during the 1960’s.

United States v Soviet Union Vietnam War (80) As a part of containment, this war would be fought between 1955-1975 with the US involvement mostly in the ’60’s and early ’70’s.

United States v Soviet Union Vietnam War (80) Like Korea, the North was supported by the Chinese and Soviets, while the South was supported by the United States. handout

United States v Soviet Union Geneva Accords (80) Established Indochina with a northern zone: led by the Communist group, Viet Minh in the north, and the south to be led by the State of Vietnam (supported by the US). A line at the 17th parallel would separate the two sections.

United States v Soviet Union Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (80) A resolution passed by the Congress in 1964 allowing the president (LBJ) to raise troop levels in Southeast Asia without declaring war.

United States v Soviet Union Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (80) The U.S. navy had accused North Vietnamese boats of attacking American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. (Some if not all of these claims have been questioned, yet the president could now rapidly raise American involvement in Vietnam). Handout video

United States v Soviet Union Tet Offensive (80) In January of 1968, North Vietnamese and Vietcong (N. Vietnamese fighters in South Vietnam) forces launched a counter-offensive in cities throughout the South.

United States v Soviet Union Tet Offensive (80) Tet was the Vietnamese lunar year that had just started. This offensive convinced the majority of Americans that the war was NOT going well as they had been told.

United States v Soviet Union Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon (80) John F. Kennedy Began sending advisors and equipment, but did not send troops. He did support a coup.

United States v Soviet Union Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon (80) Lyndon B. Johnson Was granted great war powers by congress, then quickly began escalation of troops. Richard M. Nixon Began “Vietnamization.” Spread war to Cambodia and Laos. Oversaw withdraw of all American troops.

United States v Soviet Union Vietnamization (80) Nixon’s plan was to train more South Vietnamese in their army and give them better weapons. Then, they could bear the brunt of the casualties. 1. “peace with honor” 2. bombed urban areas 3. spread war to Laos and Cambodia 4. replaced the draft with a lottery handout

United States v Soviet Union Ho Chi Minh (80) President of North Vietnam from 1945-1965 (died in 1969). Founded the Communistic society, as it defeated the French in 1954, and later made the Americans withdraw.

United States v Soviet Union Bombing of Cambodia (80) As a response to the Tet Offensive, Nixon ordered bombings in Cambodia and Laos where North Vietnamese soldiers were seeking refuge in these neutral countries. This bombing was very much disapproved back at home.

United States v Soviet Union Henry Kissinger (80) National Security Advisor and Secretary of State to Richard Nixon. 1. pioneered détente with the Soviets 2. opened political relations with China 3. negotiated the Paris Peace Accords ending the war in Vietnam (for the U.S.) 4. won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973

United States v Soviet Union Napalm and Agent Orange (80) napalm - a mixture of a gelling agent and petroleum for use in an incendiary device. It sticks to skin and causes severe burns when on fire.

United States v Soviet Union Napalm and Agent Orange (80) agent orange -  one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program. 20,000,000 gallons were sprayed during the Vietnam War. It was used to destroy foliage hiding North Vietnamese and crops being used to feed the enemy.

United States v Soviet Union Vietnam War at home (81) In general, the majority of Americans supported the war in Vietnam, especially in the early stages. However, as the war dragged on and more American soldiers died, larger number of younger people began protesting the war. The ’60’s were already a time of Civil Rights upheaval, and the war added greatly to the confusion.

United States v Soviet Union Anti-War Movement (81) Student protests began by 1965, with each year bring larger numbers. Most of these were taking place on college campuses, such as Berkeley, Columbia, Harvard, and Wisconsin.

United States v Soviet Union Anti-War Movement (81) Following the Tet Offensive, protest grew tremendously, and Johnson’s approval rating ratings sank. In 1969, 250,000 marched on Washington D.C.

United States v Soviet Union Anti-War Movement (81) Following the “outing” of American bombing in Cambodia and Laos, a protest at Kent State University (May 1970) led to the deaths of 4 students who were gunned down by the Ohio National Guard.

United States v Soviet Union draft by lottery (81) Several lotteries were held to require young American men to enter the army and go to Vietnam. In 1969, a lottery was held for men born between 1944 and 1950.

United States v Soviet Union draft by lottery (81) All 365 days of the year were placed into a deep, glass jar. As a day would be pulled, then all men who had a birthday on that day were drafted.

United States v Soviet Union role of TV and the media (81) It was the first “living room war.” Night after night, horrible war images came back to Americans. During previous wars, most negative images were censored, but this was not the case in Vietnam. It certainly helped turn public opinion against the war. Video 9:30