Chapter 1 The Meeting of Cultures

How many Native Americans were there in 1492? We don’t know for sure Historians disagree Estimates range from 1 -100 million

Why are historians unable to come to an agreement? There are no written records on population and the natives were devastated by disease before Europeans had contact with most natives

Natives of the South

The Aztecs, Mayas and Incas all had cities and were agriculture based economies What will the economies of the European settlers be based on?

Mayan ruins in Belize

Inca ruins at Machu Picchu

Aztec ruins

agriculture Natives of the North Not large empire as in the South Some utilized : hunting/gathering/fishing Most groups: agriculture

Geography had great impact on economics and lifestyle Large game hunters had to move Pacific coast tribes based on salmon fishing built permanent settlements Southwest tribes used irrigation on dry lands

Eastern Woodland Indians Primarily agricultural This allowed many to be settled Some moved due to overproduction of land

Groups were linked by common linguistic roots The largest Algic or Algonquin Spoken from East coast to Rockies by 30 different sub-groups

The most elaborately organized group was the Iroquois Confederation Seneca Onondaga Oneida Cayuga Mohawk

Like other people around the world religion was tied to the natural world Natives often had gods associated with crops, game and weather

Work was often divided by gender, but not all tribes divided the same way All tribes had women care for children, cook and gather certain foods All tribes had men do the hunting, clear land and fight

Some tribes had the men do the farming: Pueblos Others had the women farm: Algonquin, Iroquois, Muskogee

Men could be gone for extended periods for hunting or war Since the women were always around they often controlled the social and economic organization for a band

1. Countries are getting more united under a stronger government Why does Europe expand? 1. Countries are getting more united under a stronger government 2. Trade = $ $ = POWER Trade = POWER

Trade means profit for both the individual and the country

From the crusades and adventurers like Marco polo the West knew of exotic goods like spices and silk

Overland trade route was limited by its length and was dominate by the Italians

The first to search for a new route were the Portuguese who go around Africa

Columbus sails for Spain and tries a new route

3 Stages of the Spanish Empire Discovery and Exploration Age of Conquistadores Organization of colonies

Conquistadores did very well- Spanish America produced 10 times the amount of gold and silver from 1500-1700 as the rest of the world

After the conquistadores came, others set up for profit agricultural society and wanted to establish European civilization

The Church plays a big part in spreading European culture when the Jesuits come Why do they come? Reformation

Catholic missions established all through the empire

The first settlement in what is now the U. S. was St The first settlement in what is now the U.S. was St. Augustine in Florida A more successful effort was started in 1598 in the southwest (New Mexico)– inhabited by the Pueblo Indians

Spanish used Encomienda – licenses to force natives to perform labor and give tribute What European system is this based on? Feudalism

Bartolome Las Casas Juan de Sepulveda

Tension are calmed when: Spanish use less harsh methods Church is successful in converting natives

By 1680 there are 2000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblo Economy based around cattle and sheep

While many natives have converted, they still follow some traditional religious practices When Catholic priests attempt to stop this, the natives rise up and drive the Spanish out of Santa Fe Pueblo Revolt 1680

Spain returns in 1696 and gets control back Change tactics to keep natives in line Assimilate Indians * baptize Indian children at birth * enforce Catholic rituals but look other way at Indian religion

2. Allow Indians to own land and stop forcing labor By 1750 there are 4000 Spanish and 13,000 Pueblo Why?

Spanish empire was top-down in structure The crown had control and colonists has no real input in government

Economics were based on for profit enterprises especially mining and plantations Spain does not worry about fostering trade or food production

The tight control and regulation of the crown restricted economic development Example: limited the number of ports that could be used

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE The Columbian Exchange was the widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, diseases, technology and ideas between the Americas and Europe following the voyage to the Americas by Columbus in 1492,

What had the greatest impact from this exchange? Disease

Diseases such as measles, influenza and especially small pox had devastating effect on natives Hardest hit were the islands and isolated areas Hispaniola is estimated to have lost 99% of its population

Disease mixed with the conquistador policy of subjugation and extermination resulted in a dramtic decline in population

Another result was a mixing of the culture as a result of the attempt to restrict(crush) native culture and the spread of Christianity

As Spanish men outnumbered women there were mixed marriages The children were known as mestizo Casta System established

Each side received new crops and livestock Europeans brought: sugar, banana, cattle, pigs, sheep and horses Got: corn squash, potato, tomato and beans

Indians were the primary labor source at first With disease killing so many there was a need to find a new source This is especially important on the islands

The solution to this for Spain was the African slave trade Dominated at first by the Portuguese and later by the Dutch

Escaped slave attempt to set up free settlements called Maroon Communities found in Central and South America and the Caribbean