Colonization of the Americas Overview of Chapters 1-5 American Pageant

THE IMPACT ON NATIVE PEOPLES COLONIZATION AND THE IMPACT ON NATIVE PEOPLES PEOPLE MIGRATED TO NORTH AMERICA EUROPEANS EXPLORED SPAIN ENGLAND FRANCE HOLLAND

Pre-Columbian time period. First Americans came from Asia Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age Following a food source Gradual migration

LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE HAS BEEN DISCOVERED THAT SHOWS THE SEA LEVELS WERE LOWER AND EXPOSED A LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN THE TWO CONTINENTS ABOUT 70,000 YEARS AGO EXPERTS POSTULATE DIFFERENT EXACT ARRIVAL DATES FOR HUMANS BUT THE EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HUMANS LIVED THROUGHOUT NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA BY 10,000 B.C.E. LAND BRIDGE ASIA NORTH AMERICA

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 04/06/98 Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 4

PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT TO THE 1700s ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT GEOGRAPHY HELPED SHAPE CULTURES AMONG THE DIVERSE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES IN THE SOUTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA, TRIBES TENDED TO SETTLE IN ONE PLACE AND PRACTICE AGRICULTURE IN THE GREAT PLAINS, TRIBES HUNTED LARGE GAME LIKE BUFFALO AS WELL AS CULTIVATING FOOD IN THE EAST, TRIBES USED THE VARIOUS WATER SOURCES FOR TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND FISHING AS WELL AS RAISING CROPS

MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT CHANGED? 1543 GLOBE NEW TECHNOLOGY: COMPASS GLOBE RUDDER IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS) MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS

EFFECTS EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1400 TO 1600 European explore EFFECTS Europeans reach and settle Americas Expanded knowledge of world geography Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations Introduction of the institution of slavery Columbian Exchange

European Colonization Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world…. Spain England France Portugal This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

Voyages of European Exploration 04/06/98 16 17 17 17

The Treaty of Tordesillas Spain versus Portugal

The Spanish Spanish first to pursue colonization Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS. SPANISH EXPLORATION CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR, CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE RICHES OF ASIA. THE PORTUGUESE HAD SAILED THE ROUTE AROUND AFRICA AND THEREFORE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE. AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS.

Columbus’ Four Voyages

COLUMBUS AND HIS CREW ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD”, PROBABLY IN THE BAHAMAS. IT WAS CALLED THAT BECAUSE AT THE TIME NO MODERN EUROPEAN NATION WAS AWARE OF THE CONTINENT’S EXISTENCE. VIKINGS HAD EXPLORED PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE 1000s BUT THEY DID NOT STAY.

Spanish Exploration Columbus Balboa Cortes Pizzaro De Leon De Soto Coronado Vespucci

SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE A CLAIM.

04/06/98 A World Transformed Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population 7 7 7 7

Spanish Conquests & Colonies The Spanish used the encomienda system to create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions

Spanish-American Culture The Spanish conquerors would establish the encomienda system Encomienda – a system of villages granted to a privileged Spanish officer or aristocrat Was responsible for providing for Spanish missionaries and contributing wealth to the empire Extreme class discrepancy: at one end were the wealthy conquistadores and at the other the impoverished natives

Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain. Some of their methods were harsh and brutal especially to the Native American population. With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans.

DISEASE PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE COLONIZER’S SUCCESS PRIOR TO EUROPEAN ARRIVAL IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 50 MILLION PEOPLE LIVED IN THE AMERICAS ALTHOUGH SMALLPOX, MEASLES, AND INFLUENZA WERE WIDESPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE, THE DISEASE HAD NEVER INFESTED NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA NATIVE AMERICANS HAD NO IMMUNITY TO THESE NEW DISEASES IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS MANY AS 90 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION WAS WIPED OUT WITHIN 75 YEARS OF CONTACT ALTHOUGH THERE WERE MANY INSTANCES WHERE NATIVE AMERICANS RESISTED EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, DISEASE CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO EUROPEAN DOMINANCE

The Columbian Exchange

EUROPE RECEIVED COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AMERICAS RECEIVED FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES, PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE, TOBACCO SUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY, OATS, WINE GRAPES ANIMALS TURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS, RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS HORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS, COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN DISEASES SYPHILIS SMALLPOX, MEASLES, INFLUENZA RELIGION CHRISTIANITY WEAPONS AND TOOLS GUNS AND IRON TOOLS

How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture? New Products Especially Cutting tools, metal Loss of Land Loss of Liberty Diminishing of Culture Language Customs Religion

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations? Money Three times the gold and silver in Europe Inflation More money in more hands … … More People wanting more goods … … More People making more goods … … Industrial Revolution

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations? Food Corn Tomatoes Peppers Chocolate Pineapples Sweet Potatoes Potatoes *** Health, Nutrition Economic

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations? Recreation Lacrosse Tobacco Chocolate Government Iroquois Confederacy “Federalism” in the US Constitution

The Horse The introduction of the horse would forever transform the Native American cultures of the US Tribes such as those of the Great Plains converted from agriculturally domestic to nomadic within a very short period of time after acquiring and breeding a significant horse population Following the buffalo herds became the focus of Native society

Spanish Exploration of the US Spain would never develop successful settlements (in terms of trade and power) in US territory  mainly due to its primary lust for gold and silver instead of developing centers of trade Juan Ponce de Leon – explored Florida Hernando de Soto – explored the Southeast US Francisco Coronado – explored the Southwest US St. Augustine – the oldest surviving settlement in the US, established in 1565 in Florida Spanish missions would dot the Southwest US with some surviving today Santa Fe was the 1st permanent seat of government in the US By 1630 there were over 50 missions and 3,000 Spanish in the New Mexico territory