GIT461/561 GIS: Environmental Science

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Presentation transcript:

GIT461/561 GIS: Environmental Science Introductory Lecture By David T. Allison, Ph.D.

Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Topics Introduction to GIS lab equipment and protocols Basics of Operating Systems and File Management Basics of Map Projections and how they work in ArcGIS Sources of Digital Base Maps Starting the Yosemite Valley Project

GIS Laboratory Usage Rules for Using the GIS Lab (LSCB 137) The lab is for use only by students taking GIS-based courses within the Dept. of Earth Sciences Do not use the workstations for tasks other than GIS course work (no checking e-mail, music downloading, printing term papers, etc.) No food or drink is allowed in the lab Do not give out the lab door combo to friends, family, etc. Try not to touch the screen with your fingers, instead use the eraser end of a pencil Don’t leave book bags, purses or other gear in the lab unattended

GIS Lab Hardware LSCB 333 - 24 “Thin Client” workstations: Intel Xeon 2-core CPU 2.4 Ghz 2.0 Gb RAM 40 Gb HD HP 5500 Color DesignJet Plotter (60 inches x 150 feet). HP LaserJet 200 color laser printer. 36 inch wide 600 dpi scanner (146 LSCB). LSCB 146 – 12 workstations.

GIS Lab Workstation Software Each workstation is a virtual client running Windows 7 from a server. Workstation Application Software: ArcGIS 10.2 Microsoft Office Professional 2012 Excel Word Access PowerPoint Google Chrome Google Drive

Client/Server Model Advantages/Disadvantages Server “serves up” the same OS and Application environment to all workstations. Cheaper to maintain and purchase. Upgrading software: one-step process. Disadvantages Users (students) cannot store work on hard drive because it is initialized to a standard state on every re-boot. Performance is limited by server bandwidth.

Operating Systems Software interface between hardware and application software (i.e. ArcGIS). OS systems: Windows, MacOS, Unix, Linux, Android Currently ArcGIS desktop software runs on Windows, however, file servers that make ArcGIS maps available on the web are likely to run Linux with Apache server.

Windows 7 File Management Most problems in ArcGIS assignments stem from poor file management skills. Do’s and Don’ts: Do learn Win7 file explorer application. Don’t copy files/folders to the desktop. Do learn how to copy entire folders from one disk to another in one step. Don’t save ArcGIS projects to a flash drive from within the application- exit first and use file explorer to copy folder to flash drive. Do learn how Google Drive/Dropbox work so that your work is stored safely in the “cloud”.

Windows 7 Desktop with ArcGIS Installed

ArcGIS 10.x Components ArcMap Application: basic map-making application for ArcGIS. ArcCatalog Application: file management and file creation application for ArcGIS. ArcScene: application for manipulating and presenting 3D perspectives of 3D data (ex. “fly-through” videos). Spatial Analyst extension: manages spatially related data relationships (ex. produces a contour map from topographic survey data). 3D Analyst extension: manages the geometry of three-dimensional data (ex. subtracts a lower contact from an upper contact to produce an isolith map).

GIS/Map Terminology DRG: digital raster graphic. A scanned topo or aerial map that is georeferenced. DEM: digital elevation model. A rectangular array of elevation values. Usually interpolated from survey data. GCS: geographic coordinate system. Locations are measured with latitude and longitude. UTM: a world-wide projected coordinate system using meter units. SPCS: State Plane coordinate system- a U.S. state specific projected coordinate system using feet units. World File: a text file containing the mathematical information needed to project a raster image into a Projected coordinate system.

Map Projections Map projection: used to represent the surface of Earth on a flat sheet of paper or orthogonal coordinate system Map projections are subdivided into 2 categories: Equal Area: area is preserved but azimuth angles are distorted (Transverse Mercator) Equal Angle: azimuth angles are preserved but area is not (Mercator)

Map Projection Properties of ArcMap ArcMap projects added feature classes (layers) on the fly based on the feature’s coordinate system and the project file coordinate system. Raster images will be “rubber-sheeted” to fit the project file coordinate system. If no coordinate system is selected for a project the first layer added to the project will set the coordinate system for the project file. If a layer does not have an assigned coordinate system ArcMap assumes that the coordinates are in the current project system.

GIS Coordinate Systems GIS systems handle map projections in 2 fundamental ways: Geographic coordinates: the longitude and latitude values are retained in the project and projected to the screen or hard copy in a way decided by the software. Projected coordinates: longitude and latitude values are used as defined by published systems (UTM, SPCS, etc.). GIS systems can mix different systems together as long as the raw data is stored as coordinates, not as a raster file.

Projection Systematics in ArcMap Topo Raster UTM NAD27 Excel GPS coordinates GCS Parcel Boundary SPCS All layers are seamlessly projected into UTM NAD83 coordinates ArcMap Project UTM NAD83 Plotted Map

Raster Data Raster data is often used with GIS projects because they provide critical base map information (topographic base, DEM, Orthophoto, etc.) To be used with GIS a raster file (.TIF, .JPG, .BMP, etc.) must have a “world file” that defines how the bit map fits into a projected coordinate system. A common type of raster that we will be using often is a digital raster graphic (DRG) USGS topographic quadrangle that uses the UTM coordinate system Units: meters Map datum: NAD27 or NAD83 File format: TIFF World file: TFW or TFWX

Raster World File Contains projection transformation information that places raster in coordinate system (.tfw or .tfwx file): 3.81 (x dimension of pixel) 0.00 (rotation from x axis) 0.00 (rotation from y axis) -3.81 (y dimension of pixel) 592649.993 3652430.161 (x,y coordinates of upper left corner of raster)

Raster Map Projection UTM projection coordinates Geographic coordinates

Yosemite Project Georeference topographic base maps – i.e. create world files. Digitize polygon, polyline (arc), point, and text annotation data. Symbolize geometry Calculate quantities important to project goals. Plot final maps.