Operational Effectiveness Levels of current Maritime Surveillance Systems A primitive study towards picosatellites to support MIO Lt Georgios Mantzouris GRC(N), Ph.D. Candidate NMIOTC Transformation & Experimentation & Professor Nikitas Nikitakos University of the Aegean

Aim Perform a comparative analysis of current Maritime Surveillance Systems in use in order to: Seek trends Investigate effectiveness Propose solutions in accordance with critical operational factors

General Facts Address Maritime Terrorism not only Piracy Merchant Mariners want to know what happens in the area around the vessel Complexity Duplication of Effort Money Consuming projects Not solving the problem yet but…the technology exists

MARINE ELECTRONIC HIGHWAYS Current Maritime Surveillance Systems MARITIME SECURITY LRIT VTMIS MARSUR THETIS SAFE SEA NET CLEAN SEA NET AIS MARINE ELECTRONIC HIGHWAYS Non Command & Control

Methodology on selection of evaluation criteria Experts opinion (how many, where,…) Consultation with stakeholders (Maritime and naval authorities, mariners, maritime piracy and security companies) Focus groups (SMEs) Consultation on criteria (final elicitation …)

Pattern of Life – Track History EXAMPLES Operational Factors Weight Scale Impact Levels Coverage 0-6 3 Users 0-5 1 Surveillance 0-3 2 Space Capability Security Classification Robustness – Antijamming 0-1 Port Security Acquisition Cost 0-4 User Friendly Maintenance Cost SAR Capability 0-2 Marine Traffic Support Environmental Accidents Piracy WMD Counter Terror Acts Air Capability Connectivity Ship to Ship Connectivity Data Availability MCCIS Synthesis Ability Pattern of Life – Track History WUVs Connectivity Piracy Weight Factor 3 Serious Impact Weight Scale Ranking No 1 Yes Data Availability Weight Factor 3 Serious Impact Weight Scale Ranking none 1 Voice VHF – UHF 2 Data text 3 Data audio streaming 4 Data video streaming 5 Multichannel capability Pattern of Life – Track History Weight Factor 2 Medium Impact Weight Scale Ranking none 1 1 day 2 15 days 3 1 month 4 2 months 5 6 months 6 Year

Multiplication Totals Marine Electronic Highways Maritime Surveillance Systems Overall Effectiveness Levels System Sum of all factors Multiplication Totals Total % IDEAL SYSTEM 64 154 100 MARSUR 50 117 75,97 LRIT 42 97 62,98 Thetis 37 85 55,19 Clean Sea Net 36 84 54,54 Marine Electronic Highways 35 83 53,89 VTMIS 31 73 47,4 AIS 29 69 44,80519 Safe Sea Net 28 61 39,61 * Sorted from Higher to Lower  

Multiplication Totals Marine Electronic Highways Maritime Surveillance Systems Operational Effectiveness Levels System Sum of all Factors Multiplication Totals Total % IDEAL SYSTEM 47 120 100 MARSUR 42 107 89,16 LRIT 35 87 72,5 Thetis 29 75 62,5 Clean Sea Net 28 74 61,66 Marine Electronic Highways 31 78 65 VTMIS 27 66 55 AIS 18 39,16 Safe Sea Net 21 51 42,5 Without acquisition cost, maintenance cost, users, environmental accidents and user friendly

Overall Results Lack of conducting real time information exchange The most effective system in operations can be the system with the least acquisition cost (e.g. AIS) Not Duplicate Efforts - Interconnect existing Systems Place surface ships to act as multi role stations – reach back The effort is to detect vessels of less than 300 gross tonnage IMO and Lloyds should enforce AIS data posting from all vessels in the maritime environment and outside territorial waters ? In order to reduce acquisition and maintenance costs NATO must start using only one system in conjunction with AIS that is going to effectively give the capabilities of all the other systems

Leads us to the next proposal… Overall Results Incorporate space AIS in order to increase its coverage with very little impact to acquisition costs. Promote the cooperation of Local, Regional and International Authorities in adopting a suitable surveillance system that would reduce piracy incidents Use nano or picosatellites to feed back critical information to the mariners (incorporating AIS ) Leads us to the next proposal…

Pico Sat Proposal Better with Less ! Use only picosatellites to reduce the available costs: Cost Effective (8000 $ on orbit !) Low Risk Assessment High Operational Effectiveness Mission Oriented satellites (Video, Real time support, Reachback) Maximize coverage with the use of 4-6 picosatellites!!

PRESENTATION OUTLINE Picosatellite Concept Tubesat – Interorbital Company or Aerospace Corporation Application space 0.2 kgr PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Allocation of picosatellite orbits in the scenario STK simulation PRESENTATION OUTLINE Allocation of picosatellite orbits in the scenario Pico MIO 2 passing over the area of MIO in the Somali Basin acquiring data from a boarding officer and send it back to a fusion Center in US

Total Coverage Time PRESENTATION OUTLINE Use of four (4) or six (6) Tubesats Adding two more satellites to the MIO testbed we increased the total daily time coverage by 3 - 4 % Approximately 1 hour and 20 minutes per day PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Operational Gaps PRESENTATION OUTLINE Operational Gap per day is 22,5 hours Gap among passes 20 mph (regular merchant vessel speed) PRESENTATION OUTLINE 3 hours availability through the day

Conclusions PRESENTATION OUTLINE Six Picosatellites (38K €) in Polar orbit would provide effective communication window for boarding officer One and a half hour availability of communication – enough for applying reachback methods Field officers need this capability in order to enhance their mission success Picosatellite based networking model contributes to the emerging concept of Space Operations to Counter Maritime Terrorism PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Future Work – End Result Launch / Use a picosatellite to evaluate the usability of real data Execute Risk Assessment study on picosats to support the current maritime surveillance systems cadre Conduct cost effectiveness analysis using simulation and real data info Evaluate the use of networks / information exchange with the use of a picosatellite on a maritime interdiction operation END RESULT Support Maritime Security Operations with picosatellites in order to reduce the cost of using naval units to the maximum extent

very low cost applications Picosats is maybe one of the solutions The future operations must be effective with very low cost applications Picosats is maybe one of the solutions QUESTIONS ?