Cell Cycle and Mitosis Mader Ch. 9

Animation Overview http://www.wiley.com/college/test/0471787159/biology_basics/animations/mitosis.swf

Key Roles of Cell Division Continuity of life – Purpose of cell division: Prokaryotes = ___________________________ Unicellular eukaryotes = ___________________ Multicellular eukaryotes Repair and renew - _______________________ Growth – _______________________________

Passing of Heritable Information EK 3.A.2: In eukaryotes - heritable information is passed from one generation to next _________________________________ Heritable information: the organizational basis of all living systems DNA (sometimes ________) stores and passes heritable information

A cell’s complete genetic information Genome A cell’s complete genetic information Prokaryotes = single, ________________ molecule Eukaryotes = a number of ______________ DNA molecules Human cell = 2 meters of DNA Both – can contain plasmids = small extra-chromosomal, double stranded, circular DNA molecules

DNA must be copied = _____________________ Replication Before the cell can divide to form genetically identical daughter cells DNA must be copied = _____________________ The 2 copies must be separated Each daughter cell must end up with a complete ____________________

Chromosomes in Eukaryotes Replication and distribution can occur because DNA is packaged into ___________________ Each is long, linear Each carries hundreds to thousands of genes Associated __________________________________ help maintain the __________________ of the chromosome Help control the ________________________ of the genes DNA + protein complex = ___________________ of a chromosome Varies in degree of condensation during cell division

Chromatin and Chromosomes When cell is not dividing and when it is replicating its DNA After DNA replication = Sister Chromatids

Histones

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle (Somatic Cells) Complex set of stages with checkpoints Checkpoints determine ____________________ Continues from 1st division to division of daughter cell The two major stages of the cell cycle: ____________________ (includes several stages) Mitotic Stage (includes ________________________________)

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle Interphase _____________ of the cell cycle is spent in interphase Cell performs its __________________ Time spent in interphase varies by cell type Nerve and muscle cells do not complete the cell cycle – remain in the G0 stage G0 - cell does its job, but ___________________ can re-enter cell cycle if given appropriate cues The Cell Cycle

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle Interphase consists of: G1, S, and G2 phases G1 Phase: (1st Gap) Just prior to ____________________ Cell doubles its _________________ Cell grows in _________ Cell accumulates raw materials for DNA synthesis The Cell Cycle

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle Interphase consists of: G1, S, and G2 phases S Phase: (Synthesis) __________________________ Proteins associated with DNA are synthesized Each duplicated chromosomes has 2 identical chromatids (________________________) Chromatids are held together by a _______________________ The Cell Cycle

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle Interphase consists of: G1, S, and G2 phases G2 Phase: (2nd Gap) Between DNA replication and onset of Mitosis Cell ____________________ necessary for division The Cell Cycle

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle M (Mitotic) Stage Includes: Mitosis Division of the ________________ Daughter chromosomes are distributed by the mitotic spindle to two daughter nuclei Cytokinesis Division of the _________________ Results in two genetically _____________________________ The Cell Cycle

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signals at the checkpoints A _________________ is a molecule that either stimulates or inhibits a metabolic event. The Cell Cycle

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle External signals – ___________________ Signaling proteins received at the ______________________________ Cause cell to enter G0 or to continue cell division Internal signals proteins called __________________ that increase and decrease as the cell cycle continues Without cyclins, the cell cycle stops at G1, M or G2 checkpoints Allows time for any ____________________________ The Cell Cycle

Evaluates growth signals – G1 Checkpoint Evaluates growth signals – _________________________ may be sent to encourage or discourage division Determining nutrient availability – Cells won’t divide unless nutrients are available Assessing DNA integrity – _________________________ = quality control Causes DNA to be ________________or triggers ____________

Cell Cycle Control Animation http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120082/bio34a.swf::Control%20of%20the%20Cell%20Cycle

Notes:

Cell Cycle Control Animation http://www.bozemanscience.com/028-cell-cycle-mitosis-and-meiosis

Synthesis of cyclin begins in late S phase and continues through G2 Cyclin combines with Cdk, producing MFP When enough MPF molecules accumulates the cell passes the G2 checkpoint and begins mitosis MPF promotes mitosis by phosphorylating various proteins – activity peaks during metaphase During Anaphase the cyclin part of MPF is degraded, terminating mitosis

Maturation (Mitosis) - Promoting Factor What are cyclin-dependent kinases and how do they control the cell cycle? Describe how Mitosis-promoting factor is an internal control for mitosis to begin

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle Apoptosis – Programmed cell death Cells harbor ____________________ Apoptosis enzymes that are kept in check by inhibitors Can be unleashed by _________________________________ Signal protein p53 Stops the cell cycle at G1 when DNA is damaged Initiates an attempt at DNA repair If successful, the cycle continues to mitosis If not, apoptosis is initiated The Cell Cycle

p53 Animation http://www.dnatube.com/video/224/p53-protects-us-from-getting-cancer

Mitosis and Cytokinesis Passes a _______________________from the parent cell to _____________________ Occurs after DNA is replicated in the S Phase of Cell Cycle Chromatin condenses (coils) into distinctly visible chromosomes Each species has a characteristic chromosome number

Mitosis and Cytokinesis Animation http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html

Know the Order of the Processes Replication Alignment Separation

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 Stem Cells Stem Cells Many mammalian organs contain stem cells ____________________________ ____________________stem cells divide to produce various types of __________ ___________________is used to produce human tissues can begin with either adult stem cells or embryonic stem cells Embryonic stem cells can be used for ______________________________, the production of a new individual The Cell Cycle

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. remove and discard egg nucleus egg Implant embryo into surrogate mother remove Go nucleus fuse egg with Go nucleus Go cells from animal to be cloned culture embryonic stem cells Clone is born a. Reproductive cloning remove and discard egg nucleus The Cell Cycle egg nervous remove Go nucleus fuse egg with Go nucleus blood Go somatic cells culture embryonic stem cells muscle b. Therapeutic cloning

The Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle and Cancer Characteristics of Cancer Cells Form __________________ Mitosis is normally controlled by contact with neighboring cells – contact inhibition Cancer cells have lost ____________________ Undergo __________________ Original tumor easily _______________ New tumors appear in other organs Undergo ________________ Formation of new blood vessels Brings nutrients and oxygen to the tumor The Cell Cycle

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 Progression of Cancer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. New mutations arise, and one cell (brown) has the ability to start a tumor. primary tumor lymphatic vessel blood vessel Cancer in situ. The tumor is at its place of origin. One cell (purple) mutates further. The Cell Cycle lymphatic vessel blood vessel Cancer cells now have the ability to invade lymphatic and blood vessels and travel throughout the body. New metastatic tumors are found some distance from the primary tumor.

Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells The Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle and Cancer Origin of Cancer ____________________________ _______________________promote the cell cycle in various ways If a proto-oncogene ____________________________________________________________ http://www.yourgenome.org/teachers/roleofcancergenes.shtml The Cell Cycle

Notes:

The Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle and Cancer Origin of Cancer ____________________________ inhibit the cell cycle in various ways If a tumor suppressor gene ___________________ , it may promote cancer development Both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are normally regulated in coordination with organism’s growth plan The Cell Cycle

Tumor Suppressor Genes http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120082/bio34b.swf::How%20Tumor%20Suppressor%20Genes%20Block%20Cell%20Division

Notes:

The Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 The Cell Cycle and Cancer Origin of Cancer Chromosomes normally have special material at each end called ________________ These get shorter each cell division When they get very short, the cell will _________________________________ __________________ is an enzyme that maintains the length of telomeres Mutations in telomerase gene: Cause telomeres to continue to ___________________ __________________________________ The Cell Cycle

Telomerase Function http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter14/telomerase_function.html

Prokaryotic Cell Division Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 Prokaryotic Cell Division The prokaryotic chromosome is a ring of DNA Folded up in an area called the _________________ 1,000 X the length of cell __________________________ prior to cell division Replicated rings ____________________________ The Cell Cycle

Prokaryotic Cell Division Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 Prokaryotic Cell Division _______________________ Splitting in two Two replicate chromosomes are distributed to two ____________________________ Produces two daughter cells identical to original cell – _____________________________ The Cell Cycle

Binary Fission 5. New cell wall and plasma membrane has divided the Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 09 Slide #47 The Cell Cycle Binary Fission Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. chromosome 1. Attachment of chromosome to a special plasma membrane site indicates that this bacterium is about to divide. cell wall plasma membrane cytoplasm 2. The cell is preparing for binary fission by enlarging its cell wall, plasma membrane, and overall volume. 3. DNA replication has produced two identical chromosomes. Cell wall and plasma membrane begin to grow inward. 4. As the cell elongates, the chromosomes are pulled apart. Cytoplasm is being distributed evenly. 5. New cell wall and plasma membrane has divided the daughter cells. © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Visuals Unlimited SEM 2,345X 47

Functions of Cell Division Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader 11/13/2017 Functions of Cell Division The Cell Cycle