Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800

Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800) - Strong more centralized government Japan Civil War & the invasion of Korea (1500-1603) Daimyo & Samurai Japan – attacked Korea - Hoping to conquer Korea and China - Turtle boats - Weakened Korea and strengthened Manchus Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800) - Strong more centralized government

Japan and the Europeans Jesuits arrive late 1500s Limited success in converting the regional lords, did make a significant number of converts among the farmers of southern and eastern Japan Rural rebellion (1630s) was blamed on Christians Tokugawas ban Christianity, and close Japan to Europeans (with exception of few Dutch traders @ Nagasaki harbor) Required to have certificates from Buddhist temples - shipwrecked sailors Even placed restrictions on # of Chinese traders

Elite decline & social crisis Rice economy – transformation from military to civil society - Enriches rice traders, everyone else suffers - Samurai hurting financially – living on credit - laws requiring forgiveness of Samurai debts - Stability of Samurai linked to stability of Shogun - agriculture vs. merchants 1603-1800 Economy grew faster than population Forty-Seven Ronin incident - Tradition vs civil authority - Tradition gives way, Ronin allowed to commit seppuku

Late Ming and Early Qing Empires The Ming Empire Economic Growth Demand for Ming porcelain (“china”) Chinese exports gobbled up the world’s silver Little ice age effected China’s agriculture & political stability Government policies and corruption lead to collapse Ming Collapse and the rise of the Qing Mongols – Mongolia Unified in devotion to Dalai Lama (Tibetan Buddhism) 1600 – Galdan restores them to military power Manchus – Manchuria Japanese sought their help in 1592-1598 invasion 1644 – claimed China for their own when asked to help Ming general Establish Qing Empire and adopt Chinese institutions and policies

Trade and missionaries Portuguese first on scene (1513), embassy (1517), expelled (1522) Portuguese trade from Macao (1557) Spanish traded from outpost in Taiwan (1662), then Manila Dutch East India Company (VOC) – displaced Portuguese Willing to kowtow to emperor,(will maintain trade privileges) Missionaries in China Franciscans, Dominicans (lower classes), and Jesuits (elites) Matteo Ricci – mastered language & classics, coopted Chinese culture into Catholicism Jesuits also introduced latest science/technology

Emperor Kangxi (child prodigy) Period of economic, military, cultural achievement Repaired infrastructure, encouraged trade Contact with Russia – Amur River Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) – Jesuits used as interpreters Fixed border along Amur river, regulated trade Kangxi led troops to defeat Galdan and take Mongolia (1691) http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/GALDAN.html Christian compromises Tolerated Confucian ancestor worship Becomes a wedge, ultimately leads to missionaries expulsion

Chinese influences on Europe Silk, tea, wallpaper, porcelain, jade, room dividers, fans, ivory – all via Canton Qing political philosophy – championed by Voltaire as a model ruler Tea & diplomacy Single point for all trade – Canton – Allowed control and taxation Britain and the Trade Deficit British East India Co (EIC) replaces VOC Macartney Mission British trade imbalance favoring China Refused to kowtow – just a knee “Sorry, but I don’t need you” (letter to England) Population and social stress Environmental Deterioration Population growth intensified demand for food Building leads to deforestation Infrastructure not maintained, corruption, inefficiency

The Russian Empire Drive across Northern Asia Rise of Muscovy (center of pwr under Golden Horde) Annexed Novgorod in (1478), threw off Mongol yoke (1480) Expanded South & East by Ivan IV, eventually to Ural Mts Promoted Moscow as 3rd Rome, Tsar (Caesar)

Problem of seaport(s) Only seaport (Arkhangelsk) frozen most of year Crimean Turks to south, Sweden to northwest Siberia to the east – untapped riches (esp fur) http://www.worldology.com/Europe/europe_history_md.htm

First real attempt - Strogonov fur traders, move across Siberia all the way to Alaska Tsar’s political control follows slowly – uses Siberia as a penal colony Diversity of Siberia

Romanovs Time of Troubles – Swedish/Polish forces in Moscow Boyars (Nobles) support Mikhail Romanov (start of Romanov dynasty) Serfs Tied to land, hereditary Largest % of population

Russian society & politics to 1725 Cossacks – bands/tribes living north of Black & Caspian Seas More loyal to chieftain than political ruler Used in the conquest of Siberia Used to defend Russia from invaders

The Russian Empire … continued Peter the Great – greatest of the Romanovs Westernization Traveled in disguise across Europe collecting technology Realized that Trade = $ to spend on military Why the big emphasis on Westernization?

Great Northern War (Sweden) gives Russia access to Baltic Uses Scorched Earth Policy to defeat Charles XII St. Petersburg “Window to the West” Peter’s statement to Europe “One ups” which French monarch Upwards of 100,000 serfs die building it http://www.saint-petersburg.com/video/index.asp Elites forced to move to St. Petersburg, dress European Why? Women in public, education opened up Imitates Prussian Military Why Prussia?

No horse!

Moscow St. Petersburg

Growth of Russia

Oprichniki