9R Final Review Final Multiple Choice – June 8th Essay – June 7th

9R – Final Essay Theme: Movement of People and Goods- Trade Identify two trade routes and /or trade organizations and for each: Explain one reason for the establishment of the trade route or trade organization. (Time Period, Where, Why) Discuss one positive effect or one negative effect of the trade route or trade organization on a specific nation or region. Suggestions: Mediterranean Sea, the Silk Road, Trans-Saharan Trade Route in Africa, Triangular Trade in the Atlantic Ocean, etc.

Final Review Earliest Humans – Rift Valley in East Africa Paleolithic People – hunter/gatherers, small population Neolithic Revolution – Learned to farm, domesticate animals, settled Cities need to establish agricultural surpluses River Valley Civilizations Flooded, fertile soil, mild climate, transportation, trade - Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent) – Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - Egypt – Nile River - India – Indus River - China – Huang He (Yellow River)

Final Review Mesopotamia Absolute monarchies Priests had power Code of Hammurabi – reflected that divisions existed between social classes Egypt Gift of the Nile Developed a calendar to predict the floods Contributions – irrigation systems, astronomy

Final Review China Geographic isolation / ethnocentrism Greek / Roman contributions – Law and Government Greece Europe - Mountainous / Islands – City-States – Mediterranean Sea Established Democracy (Athens)– all adult males citizens had right to vote Developed philosophy

Final Review Rome Europe - Peninsula – Mediterranean Sea Republic – representative government Twelve Tables – codified law Decline – political corruption, economic problems, barbarian invasions (Similar to Han Dynasty) 476 AD – End of the Empire

Final Review Culture – way of life – contributes to a societies development Animism – appreciation for spirits/forces in nature Judaism – Monotheistic, Torah (Holy Text), Ten Commandments, Diaspora Christianity – Monotheistic, Bible, Ten Commandments, Gospels, Jesus Islam – Monotheistic, Koran, 5 Pillars, Mohammed, Hajj, Mecca, Muezzin calls Muslims to prayer

Final Review Hinduism – India, polytheistic, reincarnation, karma, dharma, caste system Buddhism – India, Siddhartha (Buddha), give up selfish desire, Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, no caste system, spiritual rebirth Confucianism – China, primary relationships, filial piety, perform your duty in society Taoism – China, harmony with spirits in nature Legalism – China, strict laws, harsh punishments

Final Review Byzantine Empire Constantinople (capital), Eastern portion of the Roman Empire, Orthodox Christianity, Justinian’s Code Writing Systems Sumerians – Cuneiform Phoenicians – Alphabet Mayans – Hieroglyphics Russia – Cyrillic Alphabet Cultural Diffusion occurs more rapidly when groups have frequent contact with each other

Final Review Middle Ages (Europe) Feudalism – political structure – land (Fiefs) exchanged for military service and obligations Manorialism – economic system Crusades Holy Wars – Christian vs. Muslim Results/Impact Increase in demand of goods from the east, trade, cultural diffusion, technology, power of monarchs

Final Review Japan Islands, Mountainous – little arable land Terrace farming Lacks natural resources Korea acted as a bridge of influence between China and Japan Rigid class structure in Feudal Japan

Final Review Renaissance Focus – Humanism, individualism, questioning spirit Reformation Sparked by Martin Luther – 95 Theses (against indulgences) Scientific Revolution Natural laws govern the universe Enlightenment Natural laws – change the relationship between people and their government

Final Review Traditional Societies Similar roles/learned trades within the family West African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali, Songhai Controlled trade routes across the Sahara Trade – gold, salt, ivory Mansa Musa – Mali – Muslim - Hajj to Mecca West African Kingdoms and American Civilizations (Maya, Aztec, Inca) – thriving and advanced civilizations before arrival of Europeans

Final Review Age of Exploration Portugal and Spain were the early leaders Advances in learning and technology made long oceanic voyages possible

Final Review Absolutism Divine Right of Kings Theory (W. Europe) is most similar to the Mandate of Heaven (China) – divine right to rule England Limited Monarchy – Magna Carta, Glorious Revolution, and the English Bill of Rights

Reason for its establishment Final Essay Trade Route/ Trade Organization Reason for its establishment (Where, Time Period, Why?) One positive or one negative effect on a SPECIFIC nation or region  

The Silk Road - Beginning ca. 2nd Century B.C. Final Essay The Silk Road - Beginning ca. 2nd Century B.C. Reason for its establishment Connected China to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and Europe Created so silk, spices and other eastern goods could be traded for European gold and other commodities One positive or one negative effect on a SPECIFIC nation or region Positive- Trade flourished during the Mongol era – provided safety Prosperous for both merchants and Mongols (collected tribute) Negative- In the Late Middle Ages, merchants moving along the road spread the Bubonic Plague to Asia and Europe Millions died – hurt the economy and existing social structure

Trans-Saharan trade routes - African kingdoms - 7th -14th centuries Final Essay Trans-Saharan trade routes - African kingdoms - 7th -14th centuries Reason for its establishment Spanned from North Africa across the Sahara Desert to West Africa Traveled by Arab and Berber traders by camel caravan Created out of a need in West African Kingdoms for gold, salt, and ivory to be traded for European and Middle Eastern goods One positive or one negative effect on a SPECIFIC nation or region Positive – Cultural Diffusion – Islam spread to Africa along the trade routes Muslim scholars traveled to the university at Timbuktu Negative – Groups outside of West Africa learned about its enormous wealth Europeans came to take over land, resources, and take slaves

Atlantic Trade Routes (Triangular Trade) - Beginning ca. 1650 A.D. Final Essay Atlantic Trade Routes (Triangular Trade) - Beginning ca. 1650 A.D. Reason for its establishment Trade pattern between Europe, Africa, and the Americas Exchange - Europe (textiles, metal ware, guns) – Africa (gold, slaves) – Americas ( sugar, cotton, tobacco). Needed to satisfy labor shortage on plantations in the Americas One positive or one negative effect on a SPECIFIC nation or region Positive- Europeans – built up national wealth through mercantilist policies and developing a favorable balance of trade Negative- Voyage from Africa to the Americas on slave ships was called The Middle Passage – terrible conditions, millions died. Positive and/or Negative depending upon the region – The Columbian Exchange

Final Essay The Silk Road Beginning ca. 2nd Century B.C. Trade Route/ Trade Organization Reason for its establishment One positive or one negative effect on a SPECIFIC nation or region   The Silk Road Beginning ca. 2nd Century B.C. Trans-Saharan trade routes of the African kingdoms 7th -14th centuries Positive- Trade flourished during the Mongol era – provided safety Prosperous for both merchants and Mongols (collected tribute) Negative- In the Late Middle Ages, merchants moving along the road spread the Bubonic Plague to Asia and Europe Millions died – hurt the economy and existing social structure Founded during the Han Dynasty Connected China to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and Europe Created so silk, spices and other eastern goods could be traded for European gold and other commodities Spanned from North Africa across the Sahara Desert to West Africa Traveled by Arab and Berber traders by camel caravan Created out of a need in West African Kingdoms for gold, salt, and ivory to be traded for European and Middle Eastern goods Positive – Cultural Diffusion – Islam spread to Africa along the trade routes Muslim scholars traveled to the university at Timbuktu Negative – Groups outside of West Africa learned about its enormous wealth Europeans came to take over land, resources, and take slaves

Theme: Change - Turning Points Final Essay Theme: Change - Turning Points Identify 2 Major Events in History that have led to Change Describe the historical circumstances surrounding each turning point Explain how each turning point changed the course of history.