The Roman Empire, 27 B.C.E.-284 C.E. Chapter 6 The Roman Empire, 27 B.C.E.-284 C.E.

Learning Objectives: Questions to Consider How did Augustus attempt to solve the problems that had caused the fall of the Roman Republic? What was the significance of the Roman army during the Principate? Why are the first two centuries of the Roman Empire known as the “Roman Peace?” What was the place of Christianity in the Roman world during the Principate? What factors caused the imperial crisis of the third century C.E.?

Augustus and the Creation of the Roman Empire, 27 B.C.E.–14 C.E. Augustus the Emperor Staying Alive Octavian and the Senate The Creation of the Roman Empire Titles: Augustus The Principate (27 B.C.E.-284 C.E.) The Emperor’s Powers The Fiction of the Republic’s Restoration

Augustus and the Creation of the Roman Empire The Unification of the Roman World Augustus and the Army The Praetorian Guard Augustus’s Frontier Policy Rome’s Garrison Army The Spread of Romanization Provincial Administration Praetorian Prefect Decurions The Role of Coinage

Augustus and the Creation of the Roman Empire The Unification of the Roman World The Imperial Cult The Spread of Roman Citizenship

Augustus and the Creation of the Roman Empire The Age of Augustus The Preservation of Roman Values The Golden Age of Latin Literature Vergil’s Aeneid Popular Expenditures

The Roman Peace, 14-192 C.E. The Successors of Augustus The Imperial Succession Securing the Loyalty of the Army: the Donative Problems with Imperial Succession The Praetorian Guard and the Julio-Claudians The Flavian Dynasty (69-96 C.E.) The Antonine Dynasty (96-192 C.E.) The End of Roman Expansion The Policies of Trajan and Hadrian The Emperor’s Authority

The Roman Peace, 14-192 C.E. Greco-Roman Culture The Rise of the Provinces Caracalla (r. 211-217 C.E.) and Citizenship The Rights of Disadvantaged Persons Improving Conditions for Women and Slaves Education in the Empire The Silver Age of Latin Literature (14-200 C.E.) History: Tacitus (ca. 56-117 C.E.) Science: Ptolemy of Alexandria (ca. 90-168 C.E.) and Galen of Pergamum (ca. 129-200 C.E.)

The Roman Peace, 14-192 C.E. Urban Life The City of Rome Provincial Cities Daily Life in the Roman World Entertainments The Last Days of Pompeii The Eruption of Vesuvius (79 C.E.)

The Roman Peace, 14-192 C.E. Economic Activity Roman Agriculture Labor: Slaves and Coloni Roman Commerce Currency and Subsidies Evidence from Coin Hoards Rome and the Barbarians

Religion in the Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity State and Private Religion Holy Men The Jews in the Roman World Rome and the Jews The Jewish Revolt, 66 C.E. Maintaining Jewish Identity Rabbis, the Talmud (with Mishnah), and Halakha

Religion in the Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity The Teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Life of Jesus Sources: the New Testament (the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles) The Expected Christ The Ministry of Jesus A New Covenant of Grace The Trial and Crucifixion of Jesus

Religion in the Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity Early Christian Communities The Spread of Christianity Proselytizing and Martyrdom The Ministry of Paul Converting the Gentiles Missions and Letters Christian Identity The Importance of Community Expectations of the Apocalypse

Religion in the Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity Early Christian Communities Christian Rituals The Sacraments of Baptism and the Eucharist Original Sin The Punishment of Excommunication Christian Communities Urban Flourishing The Authority of Bishops by Apostolic Succession Deacons Antisemitism

Religion in the Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity The Christians in the Roman World Misconceptions Christianity and the Roman Government Persecution The Power of Saints and Relics Apostasy Christianity Goes Mainstream Apologists and the Case for Christianity

The Roman Empire in Crisis, 193-284 C.E. The Severan Dynasty The Ruin of the Roman Economy Debasement of the Currency Problems in Urban Life The Imperial Crisis Civil Wars, Foreign Invasions, and Soldier Emperors Franks, Alamanni, Goths, and the New Persian Empire