Chapter 7 Spanish Colonial Era

Lesson 1: Louisiana Becomes a Spanish Colony • 1762: Louisiana transferred to Spain by France (during French & Indian War) – Accomplished with secret Treaty of Fountainebleu – Money and military aid needed from Spain • New colony – expensive for Spain to operate – Huge military expense • New colony – a strategic location for Spain (Control of the Mississippi River

The Acadians The Acadians – exiles from French Acadia – Peasants coming from France to Canada (1632) – Hard-working trappers & farmers – Valued land, family, Catholic faith • 1755: Acadians evicted from their land – Accused by British officer of refusal to take oath of allegiance to Protestant British King – Sent to British colonies on Atlantic Coast

The Acadians • 1764: Arrival of first Acadian group in Louisiana Given supplies from government warehouses Sent to live in Attakapa region Raised livestock on prairies Increased in numbers in colony • Present-day Louisiana – home to descendants of Acadians

The Secret Transfer • Government official sent by French to transfer colony to Spain (1763) – Transfer kept as secret from colonists – French officials waiting for arrival of Spanish • September 30, 1764: official announcement regarding transfer of colony from France to Spain – Colonists bitter about betrayal of France – Leader (Jean Milhet) selected to urge France to keep Louisiana He and Bienville try to persuade the officials not to give up Louisiana

Arrival of the Spanish Governor • Antonio de Ulloa – sent by Spain to Louisiana as 1st Spanish governor (1766) – Little ability as forceful leader – Rule as governor confusing to colonists • Unpopular changes made by Ulloa – Worked with French officials to conduct business of colony – Tried to impose Spanish trade rules on colony

The Rebellion • 1768: Rebellion of mob against Ulloa • Appeal by the people to French King to return Louisiana to French family – Pleas ignored by King Louis XV (no desire to offend ally, King Carlos III of Spain) – Colony an expensive burden to maintain • Help requested from British governor at Pensacola

Arrival of the Military • Colonists’ actions considered by Spanish to be treason • Alejandro (Alexander) O’Reilly selected to regain and control colony • Power of Spain asserted by O’Reilly – Required colonists to take oath of allegiance to Spain – Leaders of rebellion sentenced to death or prison • O’Reilly called “Bloody O’Reilly” by French

Section 2: Spanish Control Words to Know: Treason: An act of rebellion against your government Cabildo: The Spanish form of government in Louisisana Surveyor: a person who establishes boundaries for property owners

Order and Organization • O’Reilly charged with removing French power and law from Spanish colony – Used Spanish colonial law as model – Replaced French Superior Council with Spanish Cabildo – Abolished Indian slavery • Population census commissioned by O’Reilly • End of rebellion – colony under control

Louisiana Under Unzaga • Luis de Unzaga y Amezaga sent with O’Reilly to become next governor – Overlooked Spanish laws, allowed British merchants to set up shops in New Orleans – Appointed many French to government positions – Repaired & strengthened Louisiana forts • More soldiers brought into colony • Sell of firearms to Indian tribes (increased the loyalty of the Indians)

The Isleños • Arrival of new colonists from Spanish Canary Islands (off NW coast of Africa) – Called themselves Isleños (Spanish word for “islanders”) – Faced disease, hurricanes, lost ships, delays – Death of many (settlements of few in colony) • Isleños brought to Louisiana for military purposes – Directed to become farmers – Given basics by Spanish government

The Isleños

Section 3: Louisiana in the American Revolution Words to know: neutral: not taking sides militia: voluntary army Siege: a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.

Louisiana in the American Revolution • April, 1775 – beginning of American Revolution (“the shot heard round the world”) in Lexington, Massachusetts • Resistance from colonists (British troops sent to seize their weapons) • July 4, 1776 – Independence from King George III & Great Britain declared by American colonies (Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston)

Spain Supports the American Revolution • Spain glad to see Great Britain in trouble • Americans secretly supported by Spanish with supplies from New Orleans • 1777 – Bernardo de Gálvez (new governor) • Secret Spanish assistance to Continental Army directed from New Orleans by American agent Oliver Pollock

Spain Enters the War • 1779: Spain entered war – Allies with France against British – Did not become ally of Americans September 7, 1779: Manchac with 1500 soldiers captured • September 21, 1779: British fort (New Richmond – present-day Baton Rouge) seized by Gálvez • Mobile and fort at Pensacola captured by Gálvez – Gálvez honored with royal title – Gálvez still honored today as Spanish hero

Fort Panmure, Natchez, MS October, 1780 Fort Charlotte, Mobile, AL September 7, 1779 Fort Bute Manchac, LA September 21, 1779 Fort New Richmond, Baton Rouge, LA Fort Panmure, Natchez, MS October, 1780 Fort Charlotte, Mobile, AL May 8 – 10, 1781 Fort George Pensacola, FL

The War Ends • 1783: war ends with Treaty of Paris • Florida – a possession of Spain again • Camino Real (“Road of the King”) improved to protect Spain’s possessions • Route from Texas to Louisiana used by vaqueros (cowboys) Part of this is Hwy 90 today

Camino Real

Old Spanish Trail

Section 4: Spanish Louisiana after the American Revolution Vocabulary: French Revolution: uprising that took place in France in 1789. The people overthrew their government Right of Deposit: The Americans could store their goods (exports) in warehouses before loading them onto ships

Spanish Louisiana after the American Revolution • Gálvez promoted to another assignment in colonial Spain • Esteban Rodriquez Miro sent to Louisiana as new governor (1785)

Challenges • Major problems with Native Americans • After war’s end – push of American settlers toward Spanish territory • Desire of Spanish government for more loyal colonists in Spanish Louisiana • 1788: Great New Orleans Fire (856 homes lost) • 1794: Another devastating fire • Improvement of life in colony – Looser trade laws by Spain – Increase in population • 1790: Establishment of Fort Miro (City of Monroe) – Origin of city of Monroe – Name given to honor Governor Miro

The French Revolution • Unrest in colony due to French Revolution – Connection of French heritage of many colonists – Attraction of ideas of freedom • Situation in France more violent (beginning of “the Reign of Terror”) – Loyal French in constant danger of being beheaded – Escape of some of noble class to Louisiana

Growth • 1791: Francisco Luis Hector, Baron de Carondelet chosen as next Spanish governor –Allowed free trade with United States –Permitted foreign trade ships to enter Port of New Orleans

Carondelet Re-establish trust with the Native Americans. He looked to them for support in case the colonists tried to create a revolution against the Spanish Government. Set up the first police department in New Orleans Set up street lights in New Orleans Stopped the importation of slaves for fear of a slave revolt in Louisiana

Boundary Disputes • Push of western American farmers for more access to port of New Orleans • 1795: Pinckney’s Treaty formulated to solve situation – free navigation of Mississippi to Americans – agreement of right of deposit – boundary set between United States and the Spanish territory at the 31⁰ N latitude

Pinckney’s Treaty Line

Sugar Cane Jesuits Priests were credited for bringing sugar cane to Louisiana Etienne Bore’ was able to process granulated sugar from Sugar Cane with the help of slaves from Haiti. They came to Louisiana after the Slave Revolt

The Final Spanish Years • 1794: Beginning of 1st newspaper in the colony (Le Moniteur de la Louisiane) • New Orleans lifestyle offensive to Spanish priests • Colony still unable to support itself (too expensive for Spain to keep)