Using Information Technology Chapter 10 The Promises of the Digital Age To the instructor: This presentation attempts to cover every term in the text, sometimes via a slide, sometimes via the Notes page. Additional material beyond what is in the text is presented via: Occasional “FACTOID” notations on the Notes page, and; Occasional hyperlinks in the slides themselves. ScreenTip text has been added to each hyperlink allowing you to see in advance of selecting the hyperlink where that link will take you. In addition, the last ~20 slides are questions covering the material just presented. They can be used to increase interaction between the instructor and students at the end of each lecture, to ensure students understand the material just presented, etc. Finally, some of the Notes pages include “Discussion questions” for use in encouraging student interaction during the lecture.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Promises of the Digital Age Society & Information Technology Tomorrow 10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications 10.2 Artificial Intelligence 10.3 Information & Education 10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science . Key Questions (from the text): 10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications. What are the two models of telecommunications? 10.2 Artificial Intelligence. What are the main areas of artificial intelligence? 10.3 Information & Education. How is information technology being used in education? 10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science. How is information technology being used in health, medicine, and science? Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Promises of the Digital Age Society & Information Technology Tomorrow 10.5 Commerce & Money 10.6 Entertainment & the Arts 10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy 10.8 Jobs & Careers Key Questions (from the text): 10.5 Commerce & Money. How is information technology being used in sales and marketing, retailing, banking, stock trading, and manufacturing? 10.6 Entertainment & the Arts. How is information technology being used in music and movies? 10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy. What benefits does information technology offer government and democracy? 10.8 Jobs & Careers. How can you use the Internet to find a job, and what are some hot jobs in information technology? Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications Two models of telecommunications: Tree-and-branch - a centralized information provider sends out messages through many channels to thousands of consumers Switched-network - people on the system are not only consumers of information (“content”) but also possible providers of it Best known example of tree-and-branch: model: radio and TV broadcasting. Best known example of switched-network model: telephone system. Most infamous example of switched-network model: Napster (music file sharing dot-com). Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10.2 Artificial Intelligence Virtual reality (VR) - a computer-generated artificial reality which projects a person into a sensation of three-dimensional space Artificial intelligence (AI) - a group of related technologies used for developing machines to emulate human qualities, such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing. Simulators - devices that represent the behavior of physical or abstract systems. Virtual reality simulated air traffic controller training Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Artificial Intelligence Robotics - the development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people Robot - an automatic device that performs functions ordinarily executed by human beings or that operates with what appears to be almost human intelligence. Security robot on patrol at the LA County Museum of Art Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Artificial Intelligence Natural language processing - the study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language Fuzzy logic - a method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one Genetic algorithm - a program that uses Darwinian principles of random mutation to improve itself FACTOID: The term “computational linguistics” is often used interchangeably with “natural language processing.” Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Artificial Intelligence Expert system - an interactive computer program used in solving problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert Three components of an expert system: Knowledge base - -an expert system’s database of knowledge about a particular subject. Inference engine - the software that controls the search of the expert system’s knowledge base and produces conclusions. User interface - the display screen that the user deals with, in order to ask questions and receive answers. FACTOID: Another name for an inference engine is a rule interpreter. Rules are a component of the knowledge base of an expert system. Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Artificial Intelligence Neural networks - use physical electronic devices or software to mimic the neurological structure of the human brain Cyborgs - hybrids of machine and organisms Artificial life - field of study concerned with “creatures”--computer instructions that are created, replicated, evolve, and die as if they were living organisms Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Artificial Intelligence Turing test - a human judge converses by means of a computer terminal with two entities hidden in another location--one a person typing on a keyboard, the other a software program Following the conversation, the judge must decide which entity is human. In this test, intelligence--the ability to think--is demonstrated by the computer’s success in fooling the judge. Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Turing Test Human entity Computer program Human judge Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10.3 Information & Education Intelligent agent - program which performs work tasks--such as roaming networks and compiling data--on your behalf Discussion question: How much exposure did you have to computers during your elementary and high school years? Would you have benefited from more experience with computers? Why or why not? Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science Operating room output Entomologist in Central America Help for Stephen Hawking Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.5 Commerce & Money Sales & Marketing Retailing Becomes E-Tailing Banking & E-money Stock Trading Manufacturing Discussion question: “The ultimate goal of factory-automation experts is the so-called lights-out factory, which would use artificial intelligence and have no human workers.” (p. 400 of text) What do you think of this goal? Is it a good one? Is it possible? Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10.6 Entertainment & the Arts Indoor computer-driven sports facility Animator and the digital face of the film’s hero Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy Communication between residents & local government Online voting Campaigning Paying taxes & fines Touch screen voting Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.8 Jobs & Careers Ways for you to find employers Ways for you to learn more about a potential employer Ways for employers to find you Info on careers Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What type of program performs work tasks--such as roaming networks and compiling data--on your behalf? An intelligent agent Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for hybrids of machine and organisms? Cyborgs Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What are the three components of an expert system? Knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the branch of AI that studies ways for computers to recognize and understand human language? Natural language processing Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What branch of AI is a method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one? Fuzzy logic Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which telecommunications model has a centralized information provider which sends out messages through many channels to thousands of consumers? Tree-and-branch model Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for a device that represents the behavior of physical or abstract systems? Simulator Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people called? Robotics Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What branch of AI is a computer-generated artificial reality, which projects a person into a sensation of three-dimensional space? Virtual reality (VR) Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What branch of AI uses physical electronic devices or software to mimic the structure of the human brain? Neural networks Copyright © 2003. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.