Discuss how classical conditioning can be applied to this scenario (8 marks) This scenario suggests Jack has associated the nurse’s white clothes with the injection Jack received at the doctors surgery. This can be explained using classical conditioning. Jack has an automatic fear (unconditioned response/UCR) of injections (unconditioned stimulus/UCS) as they are painful. Jack did not elicit any response when in first contact with the nurse as he was not screaming when they entered the room. We can therefore assume that the nurse was a neutral stimulus (NS). The pairing of the nurse (NS) with the injection (UCS) induced a one-trail learning response of fear (UCR) as Jack did not stop crying until the nurse left the room. This suggests that he learnt to associate the pain from the injection (UCS) with the nurse (conditioned stimulus), as even when she wasn’t injecting him anymore, her presence elicited a new learnt response (conditioned response) of fear. This conditioned fear then became a generalised response to any extension of the original conditioned stimulus (nurse). Therefore the new white shirt Jack’s mother wore the next morning, elicited the same fear response (screaming). He associated the white shirt (second neutral stimulus) with the fear of the nurse (conditioned stimulus). We can conclude that the fear response was discriminated from all women and only to white shirts as Jack stopped screaming when his mother removed the white shirt.

For the below examples decide whether it is operant conditioning or classical conditioning being described and why? (2 marks each: 1 mark for the identification and 1 mark for the explanation.) Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt. You eat a new food and get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.

What does this advert suggest about children’s behaviour? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHi2dxSf9hw What does this advert suggest about children’s behaviour?

Social learning Learning by and observation imitation

Using the props in the room, come up with a way of investigating the Social Learning Theory.

Admired or/and respected We imitate the behaviour of role models. Who makes an effective role model? Same gender Same age Higher status Admired or/and respected

Why do we imitate? Vicarious reinforcements Self-Efficacy What??? Learning from the successes or mistakes of other people Self-Efficacy The confidence to carry out the action

Bandura (1977) believed that four criteria need to be met for imitation to occur More likely to ATTEND if??? 1. Attention to the role model 2. Retention of the observed behaviour Can I carry out the behaviour? (self-efficacy) 3. Reproduction of the target behaviour 4. Motivation to imitate the observed behaviour Intrinsic/extrinsic rewards or vicarious reinforcement

Evaluation Can you come up with some strengths and weaknesses of the theory? Counter theory/evidence? Supportive evidence? Application/usefulness

Tasks: 1. Describe the Social Learning Theory. (6 marks) Include key words such as: Modelling, Imitation, Vicarious Reinforcement and Self- Efficacy. 2. Explain one strength and one weakness of the Social Learning Theory (6 marks)

Social Learning Theory Homework – Write out the APRC for Bandura’s Original Bobo Doll Experiment.

Bandura (1961, 1963) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZXOp5PopIA

Lesson Two – Create a film of the Bandura’s original Bobo Doll Experiment: Characters – child (m/f) role model (m/f) experimenter Use the following information to write out your scripts: 1)Introduction to the controls (previous aggression levels) and sample (how were they split into groups?) 2) Modelling phase (what exactly did the children observe in the aggressive and non-aggressive conditions?) 3) Arousal phase (How was the child provoked?) 4) Observation phase (what exactly did the experimenters measure? Act out the results differences between non-aggressive and aggressive role models and the sex of the model) Homework – Comment on a strength and a weakness of Bandura’s Bobo Doll study (6 marks)

Lesson Three End goal - Evaluate Bandura’s (1965) Bobo doll experiment with vicarious reinforcement (8)