Alternative Techniques for Edible Oil Refining Prof Dr Aytac Saygin Gumuskesen Assistant Prof Dr  Fahri Yemiscioglu Res. Assoc. Onur Ozdikicierler Ege University, Food Engineering Dept., Turkey Oils & Fats International (OFI) Turkey 2014 Istanbul, 13-14 May 2014

Composition of Oils and Fats Major Component (%95-99) Triglycerides Minor Components (%1-5) Triglyceride Derivatives Glycerol Free Fatty Acids Mono- and Diglycerides Non-Triglyceride Derivatives Phospholipids Sterols Pigments Vitamins Antioxidants Oxidation Products Trace Metals Hydrocarbons

Qualitative Objectives of Oil Refining Complete removal or reduction of undesired constituents to tolarable limits to preserve quality attributes of oils. Removal of contaminants for food safety (PAH, pesticides,etc.) Maximum retention of tocopherols and sterols in refined oils Prevention of undesired reactions (conjugation, trans formation etc.) together with elimination of processcontaminants (3-MCPD and esters)

Quantitative Objectives of Oil Refining Obtaining refined oil with high yields. Low overall energy loss for refining system. Reengineering of refining wastes including minimising water consumption

Conventional Principles of Refining Operation Miscelle formation – Centrifugation Saponification– Centrifugation Adsorbtion-Filtration Steam Distillation

Backdraws of Conventional Refining Applications High Energy Consumption Excessive water need and waste production Contact with chemicals High Temperature Application

Novel Techniques Novel Techniques New technologies / modifications New approaches

Enzymatic Deacidification Enzymatic Techniques Enzymatic Degumming Enzymatic Deacidification

Enzymatic Degumming Enzymatic Techniques Specified enzymes break phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)) into water-soluble and oil-soluble fragments, reducing their ability to form an emulsion. Less emulsion means less oil loss due to entrained oil, and lower gum content enables cleaner separation of oil and heavy phases, with more efficient removal.

Enzymatic Techniques Enzymatic Degumming

Enzymatic Techniques Deacidification (Makasci et al. 1996)

Removal of pigments and waxes Membrane Techniques Phospholipid Removal Micro-nano filtration Deacidification Removal of formed soap stock Liquid-liquid extraction Removal of pigments and waxes

Classification of Membrane Separation

Membran Application in Oil refining Refined Oil Crude Oil Seed Preperation Solvent Extraction Solvent Recovery Water/Phosphoric acid Degumming Deacidification Bleaching Dewaxing Deodorization Phospholipids Soap Stock Alkaline Pigments Hexane Distillate Seed Preperation Solvent Extraction UF Phospholipids Solvent Solvent Oil + Solvent NF/RO FFA + Solvent RO RO FFA Deodorization Refined Oil

Nanotechnology Definition: Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. (Wikipedia definition)

Nanotechnology in Oil Refining Deacidification Generated by passage of a liquid through a constriction. Mechanical and chemical effects - Formation of very fine emulsions - Increased surface area - Strong shear forces - Activation of atoms, molecules - Formation of radicals - Initiation of chemical reactions NaOH Nano- reactor Greyt at al., 2011, 102nd , AOCS Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH

Supercritical Fluid Extraction Supercritical fluids can be used to extract analytes from samples. The main advantages of using supercritical fluids for extractions is that they are inexpensive, extract the analytes faster and more environmentally friendly than organic solvents. For these reasons supercritical fluid CO2 is the reagent widely used as the supercritical solvent. Examples on the use of supercritical fluids in vegetable oil refining include; Refining of palm oil (Ooi et al. 1996) Refining of olive oil (Brunetti et al. 1989; Gonçalves et al. 1991; Bondioli et al. 1989) Degumming of soybean oil (List et al. 1993) Deacidification of rice bran oil (Dunford et al. 2000; Dunford et al. 2003) Extraction-fractionation and deacidification of wheat germ oil (Zacchi et al. 2006)

Molecular Distillation Deacidification process in oil refining was investigated; Physical refining using molecular distillation ; specified values of phosphorus, peroxides and FFA content, with good tocopherol preservation.

Minimization of Energy Loss Exergy: Exergy is the portion of energy that can be converted into useful work. It is a new developed concepts whichaims to distinguish between quantity of energy and quality of energy. Quantity of energy is a basic tool that can be monitored through basic calculations considering first law of thermodynamics. Quality of energy is a new concept that can be defined by using second law of thermodynamics.

Recovery of pigments from spent earth, Waste Treatment Recovery of pigments from spent earth, A few studies using membrane technology Recovery of waxes from cold neutralisation soap or winterization waste Recovery of bioactive compounds (phytosterols, squalene, tocopherols etc.) from deodorizer distillates. Some developments for squalene recovery and studies especially using supercritical fluid extraction and molecular distillation.

Process design with limited use of chemicals/less energy consumption FUTURE PROJECTIONS Process design with limited use of chemicals/less energy consumption Environment friendly processes Focus on process contaminants and food safety More economic and safe packaging materials and technologies Cold pressed oils/SCFE oils

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