Cadet Phase I & II Aerospace Dimensions Rockets (Module 4) Session 1: Chapter 1 ‘History of Rockets’ Chapter 2 ‘Rocket Principles’ Chapter 3 ‘Rocket Systems and Controls’ (ONLY for all Cadets that have not yet passed corresponding AE test, and Cadet Mentors) Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing History of Rockets 400BC - Archytas (Greek) built a hollow wooden pigeon, which ‘flew’ along a wire, propelled by escaping steam 100BC - Hero (Greek) developed the first Rocket Engine (Steam Powered Sphere) ~ 100 AD - Chinese developed Gunpowder, and Fireworks ~ 1200 AD - Chinese Fireworks attached to arrows to make the first Military Rocket 13th to 15th Centuries AD - Roger Bacon (English): made better gunpowder, which increased a rocket’s range Jean Froissart (French): launched rockets through tubes to increase accuracy (early bazooka) 17th Century AD - Sir Isaac Newton (English): developed scientific laws of motion, which provided the basis for further advancements, which are still in use today Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing History of Rockets 18th and 19th Century AD: Colonel William Congreve (English) - British Artillery Officer who developed practical military rockets, with a range of up to 3,000 yards (previous rockets only traveled about 200 yards) These were used with great success in battle, including against American troops at Fort McHenry, and were the inspiration for the ‘Rocket’s Red Glare’ and ‘Bombs Bursting in Air’ in the US National Anthem! William Hale (English) - developed the technique of ‘Spin Stabilization’ which significantly increased the accuracy of rockets Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (Russian) - Proposed space exploration using rockets (father of modern astronautics) Proposed using Liquid Propellants in rockets to increase range Stated that the Speed & Range of rockets was only limited by the velocity of the escaping gases Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing History of Rockets 20th Century (1st half): Dr. Robert H. Goddard (American) - Conducted many experiments with rockets, first Solid Fueled, later Liquid Fueled ‘Father of Modern Rocketry’ Achieved the first successful flight of a Liquid Fueled Rocket in 1926 Developed a Gyroscope for flight control Developed a Payload Compartment Developed a Parachute recovery System Believed that Multi-Stage Rockets were the answer for high altitude rocketry Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing History of Rockets Herman Oberth (German) - wrote a book on rocket travel into space, which inspired the creation of rocket societies around the world Werner von Braun (German) - Directed the development of the German Guided Missile the ‘V2’, which was used against London in WWII After the war, von Braun and many of his colleagues emigrated to the US, and did important work for the US Army missile program, and later NASA Some of the German Rocket scientists also ‘emigrated’ to the USSR and worked on the Soviet missile/rocket program Sergei Korolev (Russian) - Chief Designer of the Soviet Ballistic Missile and Rocket program Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing History of Rockets The Space Race: The USA and USSR competed to be the ‘first’ in missiles and space achievements, and both won parts of the race: Oct 4 1957 - USSR launched First artificial satellite: Sputnik 1 Jan 31 1958, USA launched first American satellite: Explorer 1 Oct 1958, NASA created, and military rocketry taken over by DoD April 1961 - USSR launched first man into space: Yuri Gagarin May 1961 - USA launched first American into space (sub-orbital): Alan Shepard, in a Mercury capsule atop a Redstone Rocket (the Launch Vehicle) Feb 1962 - USA launched first American to orbit the earth (4 orbits): John Glenn, in a Mercury capsule atop a Atlas Rocket More powerful Atlas versions were built, culminating in the Atlas Centaur The Gemini program (USA) carried two crew members at a time into orbit, aboard a Gemini capsule, atop a Titan II rocket Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing History of Rockets Then the Saturn program produced the more powerful Saturn 1B, 2 stage liquid fueled rocket Oct 1968, THREE astronauts (USA) were launched into orbit, aboard an Apollo capsule, atop a Saturn 1B rocket 20th July 1969 - USA put two men on the Moon Neil Armstrong stepped onto the moon from the lunar lander ‘Eagle’ accompanied by Buzz Aldrin, with Michael Collins orbiting overhead in the command module This was the Apollo 11 mission, delivered into space by the HUGE Saturn V rocket 19th April 1971 - USSR launched the first Space Station Salyut 1 1973 the US launched the first American space station, Skylab, using a Saturn 1B rocket Longest Skylab mission lasted 84 days The Apollo program included a docking in orbit between a US and a Soviet spacecraft in July 1975 (Apollo/Soyuz) Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing History of Rockets Space Shuttle US partially reusable launch vehicle First flight into space: 4th Dec 1981, John Young (Pilot) and Bob Crippen (Commander) Obiter space plane - liquid fueled rockets, payload carrier, capsule and reentry vehicle combined External Fuel tank - disposable Liquid Fuel (Hydrogen/Oxygen) container Solid rocket Boosters (SRBs), ‘strap-on’ extra thrust rockets necessary for launch - recovered at sea and refurbished Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing History of Rockets Important Names (Quiz): Neil Armstrong Roger Bacon Werner von Braun William Congreve Jean Froissart Yuri Gagarin John Glenn Robert Goddard William Hale Hero Sergei Korolev Sir Isaac Newton Hermann Oberth Alan Shepard Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Skylab Space Shuttle Sputnik 1 Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing Rocket Principles Principles A rocket is a chamber enclosing a gas under pressure, just like a balloon Allow the gas to escape in one direction, and the rocket (or balloon) will move in the opposite direction In a balloon the external (atmospheric) pressure presses on the balloon from ALL directions forcing the gas inside out through the nozzle, until inside & outside pressures are equal The pressure inside a Rocket is produced by a chemical reaction (typically combustion), which RAPIDLY increases the pressure inside, causing exhaust gasses to rush out of the open exhaust nozzle, thus providing the Thrust or Push needed Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing Rocket Principles Newton’s Laws of Motion: 1st Law - ‘A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity, unless acted on by an outside force’ Objects have a tendency to resist being moved, this is called Inertia 2nd Law - ‘The rate of change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon it, and is in the direction of the force’ Force = Mass x Acceleration (f=ma) Momentum = Mass x Velocity, and indicates how hard it will be to stop a moving object 3rd Law - ‘To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction’ e.g. the Rocket’s thrust points Backwards, but the Rocket body moves Forwards Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Rocket Systems and Controls Rocket Systems (4 major systems): Airframe - Outer form of the rocket Provides the aerodynamic shape, contains and protects internal components, fuel tanks and payload Must be very strong, but also light Guidance - The ‘Brain’, generally an electronic computer, which sends steering signals to the rocket’s controls, so that it can get to its intended destination Relatively small component Often accessible by radio from the ground controllers Control - Fins, Vanes and Gimbaled exhaust nozzles, that actually steer and stabilize the rocket Payload - Whatever the rocket is carrying e.g. People, Satellite, Warhead, Camera Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

Rocket Systems and Controls Two main types of rocket motor are Liquid Fueled, and Solid Fueled Liquid Rockets employ for example liquid hydrogen and oxygen, which ignite in the combustion chamber to produce thrust Solid Rockets contain solid fuel and if they go to space, a solid oxidizer Once lit, a Solid rocket cannot be stopped Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing