Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships Biotic and abiotic factors interact in complex ways in communities and ecosystems.

Essential Questions What is the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors? What are the interactions between the levels of biological communities? What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche? Class Activities: Online Lab–Exploring Ecosystems Abiotic factor-Biotic Factor Quiz Symbiosis Homework and Quiz Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Organisms and Their Relationships

Vocabulary Review New species ecology biosphere biotic factor abiotic factor population biological community ecosystem biome habitat niche predation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism Organisms and Their Relationships Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Ecology Organisms depend on other organisms and nonliving factors in their environment for survival. Ecology is the branch of Biology that studies relationships and interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dfy2qYfUWE0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogJYVZBqknM Organisms and Their Relationships

The Biosphere The biosphere is the portion of the Earth that supports life. Land, freshwater, saltwater, lower portions of the atmosphere, and areas beneath the Earth’s surface https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r17kLJxJcwM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp6QqourOlc

The Biosphere Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Biotic factors are living factors in an organism’s environment. Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors are the nonliving factors in an organism’s environment. Organisms adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk33dTVHreQ

Levels of Organization The biosphere is too large and complex to study as a whole. Ecologist divide the biosphere into levels of organization to study. The levels of organization are: organism population biological community ecosystem biome biosphere Organisms and Their Relationships

Levels of Organization Organisms, populations, and biological communities The lowest level of organization is an individual organism. Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the time make up a population. A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time. Organisms and Their Relationships

Exploring Ecosystems (In your online textbook) https://connected.mcgraw-hill.com/media/repository/protected_content/COMPOUND/50000025/14/14/index.html?mghCourseID=2O4EKO3KVL8RLBBJZV8L8W8OJQ Organisms and Their Relationships Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Ecosystem Interactions A habitat is an area where an organism lives. A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment.

Community Interactions Competition Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time Competition is stronger when resources are scarce. Predation Predation is the act of one organism pursuing and consuming another organism for food. The organism that pursues the other is the predator, the organism being pursued is the prey. Organisms and Their Relationships

Community Interactions Symbiotic relationships Symbiosis is the close relationship that exists when two or more species live together. There are three types of symbiosis: Mutualism: both organisms benefit Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed Parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q

Review Essential Questions Vocabulary https://connected.mcgraw-hill.com/media/repository/protected_content/COMPOUND/50000025/14/10/02_1_quiz_eng/02_L1_quiz_eng.html?mghCourseID=2O4EKO3KVL8RLBBJZV8L8W8OJQ Review Essential Questions What is the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors? What are the interactions between the levels of biological communities? What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche? Vocabulary ecology biosphere biotic factor abiotic factor population biological community ecosystem biome habitat niche predation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Organisms and Their Relationships

Section 2 Essential Questions What are the producers and consumers in an ecosystem? How does energy flow through an ecosystem? What are food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramid models? Class Activities: Constructing a Halloween Food Web Understanding the Pyramids of Energy, Biomass, and Numbers Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

Vocabulary Review New energy autotroph heterotroph herbivore carnivore omnivore detritivore trophic level food chain food web biomass Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Energy in an Ecosystem Autotrophs An autotroph (producer) is an organism that uses energy from the _____ or _________________to make food. Autotrophs are the foundation of all ecosystems because the make energy available for all other organisms.

Energy in an Ecosystem Heterotrophs A heterotroph, or consumer, is an organism that gets its energy by __________ organisms. An herbivore eats only _______ A carnivore eats _________ An omnivore eats both ______ and _______ A detritivore eats fragments of ______ matter

Models of Energy Flow Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem. Each step in a food chain or food web is called a __________. Organisms at each level get their energy from the __________________them.

Models of Energy Flow Food chains A food chain is a simple model that shows how __________ ______________________.

Models of Energy Flow Food webs A food web is a model representing _____________ ___________________within an ecosystem.

Models of Energy Flow Ecological pyramids An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level. Biomass is _______________________________at each trophic level.

Review Essential Questions Vocabulary What are the producers and consumers in an ecosystem? How does energy flow through an ecosystem? What are food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramid models? Vocabulary autotroph heterotroph herbivore carnivore omnivore detritivore trophic level food chain food web biomass

Essential Questions Class Activities: How do nutrients move through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem? Why are nutrients important to living organisms? What are the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and how are they alike? Class Activities: Biogeochemical Cycle Poster Biogeochemical cycle Questions

Vocabulary Review New cycle matter nutrient biogeochemical cycle nitrogen fixation denitrification

Cycles in the Biosphere Natural processes cycle matter and nutrients through the biosphere. The cycling of nutrients through the biosphere involves both living organisms and physical processes. The exchange of matter through the biosphere is called the _________________. Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle Mineral Cycle Life Cycle Matter is anything that takes up _______ and has ______. A nutrient is a _________________that an organism needs to obtain from its environment in order to survive.

Cycles in the Biosphere The Water Cycle Water evaporates from bodies of water, soil, and ___________. Water returns from the atmosphere in the form of precipitation. All living organisms rely on fresh water, which constitutes only ____% of the water on Earth.

Cycles in the Biosphere The carbon and oxygen cycles Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules ________________. Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through _________ _____________. Carbon and oxygen enter a long-term cycle when ______________ ___________________________.

Cycles in the Biosphere The nitrogen cycle The conversion of nitrogen gas into a form that is useable by a plant is called nitrogen fixation. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Nitrogen returns to the atmosphere through ______________ – where bacteria convert ______ nitrogen back into nitrogen ______.

Cycles in the Biosphere The Phosphorus Cycle _____________ is essential for the growth and development of organisms. Phosphorus cycles quickly as phosphates through __________________ ___________________________________________________________ Long-term, phosphorus is _________ or __________ from rocks and added to the cycle.

Review Essential Questions Vocabulary How do nutrients move through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem? Why are nutrients important to living organisms? What are the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and how are they alike? Vocabulary matter nutrient biogeochemical cycle nitrogen fixation denitrification Cycling of Matter Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education