Ambiente, Mudanças Globais, e Impactos Humanos Frank Press • Raymond Siever • John Grotzinger • Thomas H. Jordan Compreendendo a Terra 4a Edição Cap. 23: Ambiente, Mudanças Globais, e Impactos Humanos Lecture Slides prepared by Bill Dupré • Peter Copeland Copyright © 2004 by W. H. Freeman & Company

Interacting Geosystems: Climate – Plate Tectonics – Geodynamo Fig. 23.1

maior computador já construído O Simulador da Terra: maior computador já construído Centro de ciências da Terra, Yokohama-Japão Fig. 23.2

Fig. 23.2

Fig. 23.2

Componentes do Sistema Climático da Terra Fig. 23.3

As atividades antrópicas podem resultar em mudanças: Atmospheric composition and circulation Sea ice and extent of glaciers The hydrologic cycle Land surface, vegetation, and ecosystems Oceanic circulation, sea level, and geochemistry Fig. 23.3

O gelo marinho é parte importante da Criosphere Arctic Sea ice flowing south through the Bering Strait, May 2002 Fig. 23.4

O calor radiante da Terra deve ser equivalente ao gerado pelo sol Energia Geotérmica ~ 0.06 Watts/meter2 O calor radiante da Terra deve ser equivalente ao gerado pelo sol Energia solar ~ 342 Watts/meter2 Fig. 23.5

de radiação na Atmosfera Terrestre Entrada e Saída de radiação na Atmosfera Terrestre Fig. 23.6

Dióxido de Carbono: 49% Metano: 18% “CFC’s”: 14% Óxidos Nitrosos: 06% Quais são os gases do efeito estufa? (What are the greenhouse gases?) (excluindo H2O) Dióxido de Carbono: 49% Metano: 18% “CFC’s”: 14% Óxidos Nitrosos: 06% Outros: 13%

Qual a fonte do CO2 adicionado? Queima de comb fóssil: 75% Desmatamento: 15% Manufacturing: 07% Combustível de madeira: 03%

Global Temperatures Compared to Increased CO2 Concentration Fig. 23.8a

Global Temperatures and CO2 Concentrations Over the Last Millennium Fig. 23.8b

But…. How can we determine temperature and CO2 content prior to instrumental readings? Fig. 23.8b

The ice core, such as at Vostok Science Station in Antarctica provides over 100,000 years of data on: 1) temperature, 2) CO2 content, and 3) methane content Box 16.1

Temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations both decline during glacial periods Fig. 23.7

Temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations both rise rapidly during deglaciation Fig. 23.7

Climate has been relatively warm and stable during the last 10,000 yrs, the Holocene interglacial period Fig. 23.7

El Nino and La Nina Box 23.1

During normal years, warm surface waters in the Pacific lie in the east off Indonesia Box 23.1

When the pattern oscillates to an During normal years, warm surface waters in the Pacific lie in the east off Indonesia When the pattern oscillates to an “El Nino”, the warm water shifts east Box 23.1

When the pattern oscillates to an During normal years, warm surface waters in the Pacific lie in the east off Indonesia When the pattern oscillates to an “El Nino”, the warm water shifts east “La Nina” is characterized by colder sea-surface temperatures and stronger trade winds in the eastern tropical Pacific Box 23.1

During “Normal Years” South America Warm water in the western Pacific causes low pressure and high rainfall; pressure system drives tradewinds from east to west; tradewinds drive warm water to the west; causing cold water to rise off South America and flow west. South America Box 23.1

During “El Nino” South America Warm water shift to the eastern Pacific causes drought in western Pacific; low pressure over the warm eastern Pacific causes heavy rains and inhibits upwellings along the coast of South America. South America Box 23.1

Transport Processes Between Components of the Climate System Fig. 23.9

(showing fluxes in and out of the ocean) The Calcium Cycle (showing fluxes in and out of the ocean) Fig. 23.10

(showing global reservoirs and fluxes) The Carbon Cycle (showing global reservoirs and fluxes) Fig. 23.11

Human Effects on the Carbon Cycle Fig. 23.12

Human Effects on the Carbon Cycle Human activities release ~7.1 Gt* of carbon into the atmosphere each year *Gt = gigaton Fig. 23.12

Human effects on the Carbon Cycle Human activities release ~7.1 Gt* of carbon into the atmosphere each year New plant growth and air-sea exchange removes ~3.8 Gt/yr *Gt = gigaton Fig. 23.12

Human effects on the Carbon Cycle Human activities release ~7.1 Gt* of carbon into the atmosphere each year New plant growth and Air-sea exchange removes ~3.8 Gt/yr …yielding a net atmospheric increase of ~ 3.3 Gt/yr. *Gt = gigaton Fig. 23.12

Fig. 23.13

Fig. 23.13

Before and After the Effects of Acid Rain Fig. 23.13

Acidity of Rain: 1955-1998 Fig. 23.14

Burning high-sulfur coal generates atmospheric sulfuric acid which falls as acid rain down-wind, to the northeast. Fig. 23.14

Rains became more acidic and affected broader areas until sulfur-reducing regulations were enacted… Fig. 23.14

…reducing acid rain in the Northeast, however coal-fired power plants in the Southwest have increased acid rain there. Fig. 23.14

Fig. 23.15

Projected Changes in Ozone Concentration With and Without the Montreal Protocol Fig. 23.16

Projected Changes in CO2 Concentration Under Three Different Scenarios Fig. 23.17a

Projected Changes in Global Temperature Under Three Different Scenarios Continued reliance on fossil fuels Range of uncertainty increased reliance on nonfossil fuels Rapid conversion to cleaner and more resource-efficient technologies Fig. 23.17b

Global warming is projected to reduce the north polar ice cap, disrupting Arctic ecosystems, but possibly improving navigation. Fig. 23.18

Potential Climate-Change Effects on Various Systems Systems Potential Effects Table 23.1

Potential Climate-Change Effects on Various Systems Systems Potential Effects Table 23.1

Table 23.1