WHII.12 World War II

Objectives p. 113 WHII.12 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the worldwide impact of World War II by a) explaining economic and political causes, describing major events, and identifying leaders of the war, with emphasis on Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, George C. Marshall, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Hideki Tojo, and Hirohito; b) examining the Holocaust and other examples of genocide in the twentieth century; c) explaining the terms of the peace, the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, plans to rebuild Germany and Japan, and the creation of international cooperative organizations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).

Essential Understandings p. 114 12a Many economic and political causes led to World War II. Major theaters of war included Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Leadership was essential to the Allied victory. 12b There had been a climate of hatred against Jews in Europe and Russia for centuries. 12b Various instances of genocide occurred throughout the twentieth century. 12c The outcomes of World War II included the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, plans to rebuild Germany and Japan, and the establishment of international cooperative organizations. 12c The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was issued in 1948 to protect the “inherent dignity and…the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family….”

Essential Questions p. 114 12a What were the causes of World War II? 12a What were the major events of World War II? 12a Who were the major leaders of World War II? 12b Why did the Holocaust occur? 12b What are other examples of genocides in the twentieth century? 12c What were the outcomes of World War II? 12c What were the war crimes trials? 12c How did the Allies promote reconstruction of the defeated powers? 12c What were the international cooperative organizations created after World War II?

Why do I need to know this? p. 114 Hitler’s actions set off WWII. The results of the war still affect the politics and economics of today’s world. 2. WWII established the role of the U.S. as a leading player in international affairs. 3. The violence against Jews during the Holocaust led to the founding of Israel after WWII. 4. The Allies’ victory in WWII set up conditions for both the Cold War and today’s post-Cold War world.

Major Leaders of the War p. 115

Allies p. 115 1. United States a. Franklin D. Roosevelt – US president Harry Truman became president when FDR died in April 1945 b. Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower – supreme Allied commander in Europe Douglas MacArthur – US general in the Pacific George Marshall – Army Chief of Staff during WWII 2. Britain – Winston Churchill – prime minister 3. U.S.S.R. – Joseph Stalin

Axis p. 115 1. Germany – Adolf Hitler – dictator of Germany a. Erwin Rommel – the “Desert Fox” 2. Italy – Benito Mussolini – dictator of Italy 3. Japan a. Hideki Tojo – Japanese general; directed the whole Japanese war effort b. Isoroku Yamamoto – Japanese admiral – planned attack on Pearl Harbor c. Hirohito – emperor of Japan

Causes of World War II p. 115-117

Aggression by Totalitarian Powers 1. Japan overran Manchuria in September 1931 a. invaded China in summer of 1937 Italy invaded Ethiopia in October 1935 3. Germany – March 1936: Hitler invaded the Rhineland a. March 1938 – Hitler marched troops into Austria, known as the Anschluss

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japan Expansion

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935 Emperor Haile Selassie

The Austrian Anschluss, 1938

The “Problem” of the Sudetenland

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

Nationalism p. 115 1. Hitler’s desire to unite all German-speaking people in one country 2. Mussolini’s desire to expand Italy’s influence and make it a world power 3. Japanese desire to unite all Asians under one empire and expel the European influence

The Treaty of Versailles p. 115 1. harsh sanctions against Germany caused resentment of the other European nations

Weakness of the League of Nations p. 115 1. Europe had looked to the US to take a lead role in the League of Nations 2. the League was unable to militarily help China and Ethiopia

Appeasement p. 117 1. Great Britain and France were desperate to avoid another global war 2. September 12, 1938 – Hitler demanded the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) be given to Germany a. Britain and France let him have it in the Munich Pact

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.

Major Events of the War p. 117-119

Just Before the War p. 117 1. August 23, 1939 – Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact a. Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack one another and agreed to split up Poland

The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov

September 1, 1939 p. 117 1. Germany invaded Poland (beginning of World War II) 2. blitzkrieg – lightning war 3. Poland fell in about 2½ weeks

Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”] Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

Blitzkrieg (Air)

Blitzkrieg (Land)

Fall of Poland

European Theater of Operations

April 9, 1940 p. 117 1. Germany invaded and took Norway 2. gave Germany access to the Atlantic Ocean

Fall of France p. 117 May 10, 1940 – Germany invaded France snuck into France through the Ardennes Forest 3. allies were caught off guard and evacuated from Dunkirk on May 26, 1940 a. 338,000 soldiers over nine days – one of the largest evacuations of all time June 14, 1940 – Germany captured Paris 5. France was divided into two sections a. northern part was controlled by Germany b. southern part was a puppet government sympathetic to the Nazis called Vichy France – headed up by Marshall Philippe Petain assisted in some military operations and finding Jews

Hitler in Paris

France 1940

Battle of Britain p. 117 1. battle for air control over Britain 2. August 1940 – Germany bombed airfields and aircraft factories 3. September 7 to November 3, 1940 – Germany bombed London a. tried to damage the morale of the people – did not work Battle

Battle of Britain: The “Blitz”

The London “Tube”: Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz

The Royal Air Force (RAF)

The United States p. 119 1937 – Congress passed Neutrality Acts enforcing a “cash and carry policy” 1940 – Destroyers for Bases Agreement FDR agreed to give Britain 50 destroyers for bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda and the British West Indies 1940 – Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act which authorized FDR to lend war equipment to any country deemed vital to the national security of the US

U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941 Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union..........................$11 billion France..................................$3 billion China..................................$1.5 billion Other European......................$500 million South America.......................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Neutrality Acts

Lend Lease Act

German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) 1. June 22, 1941 – Hitler attacked the USSR a. Hitler claimed he needed the “living space” vital to Germany’s future b. Ukrainian wheat and Caucasian oil caught Stalin off guard Stalin ordered a scorched-earth policy captured over half a million Soviet soldiers December 2, 1941 – the Germans were just outside Moscow a. The Soviet Union began pushing the Germans back

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

Prisoners of War p. 119

The Holocaust p. 119 1. Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems 2. The Aryan Master Race – tall, blond hair, blue-eyed Nordic 3. mid-1940 – Nazis began putting Jews in ghettoes and concentration camps 4. June 1941 – Nazis began the mass murdering of Jews, especially in the USSR in Kiev, 35,000 were shot in two days 5. “The Final Solution” Nazi program for the elimination of the Jewish race (genocide) most Jews were sent to concentration camps and executed 6. the Nazis tried to keep the executions secret 7. little was done to help the Jews g. by the end of the war, 6 million Jews executed and another 6 million “undesirables” executed

Ghettos

Concentration Camp

All Jews are Executed

Auschwitz

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Bramabirkenau

Auschwitz

Final Solution

Bataan Death March p. 121 1. Philippines were captured by the Japanese in March 1942 2. the Japanese forced the POWs to march over 100 miles in a week 3. out of 140,000 US POWs, about 50,000 died 4. Japanese soldiers often committed suicide rather than surrender

Bataan Death March: April, 1942 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines.

Major Events of the War p. 121-123

Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin The “Big Three” Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin

Axis Powers in 1942

Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor 1. July 1941 – the US placed an embargo on Japan for its taking of China and other southeast Asian countries a. oil, food and seized Japanese assets in the US Japan decided the US stood in its way to expand in Asia December 7, 1941 – the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor a. “a date which will live in infamy” b. sunk or disabled 19 American ships; destroyed 188 planes; killed 2,400 people

A date which will live in infamy! Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!

Hawaii

Pearl Harbor Map

Pearl Harbor 1

Pearl Harbor 2

USS Arizona

President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

Pearl Harbor Memorial 2,887 Americans Dead!

Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942-1943 German Army Russian Army 1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1,216 planes 1,115 planes

Turning Points p. 121 1. July 1942 – February 1943: Battle of Stalingrad a. Germans laid siege to Stalingrad b. February 1943 – Russians defeated the Germans – turning point in the East July 1943 – Allies invaded Italy June 4, 1944 – Allies took Rome June 4-7 1942 – the US defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Midway – turning point against Japan in the Pacific 5. November 1943 – the Japanese began using kamikaze pilots against the US Navy

Stalingrad

Battle of Stalingrad

Kamikaze

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]

6. D-Day – June 6, 1944 – turning point in western Europe a 6. D-Day – June 6, 1944 – turning point in western Europe a. Operation Overlord – planned invasion of Normandy b. 176,000 soldiers, 600 warships and 10,000 aircraft left England c. Opened up a second front in Europe d. August 25, 1944 – the Allies took Paris

D-Day Invasion

Storming the Beach

Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944) German Prisoners Higgins Landing Crafts D-Day

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot Major Claus von Stauffenberg

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot       E-mail this to a friend   July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot 1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below 10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss 11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant 12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured) 13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend 14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)

The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s Last Offensive Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945

Victory Over Germany p. 121 Summer 1944 – the Soviets had forced Germany out of the USSR December 1944 – Germany tried a last ditch effort at the Battle of the Bulge April 1945 – US and Soviet troops met at the Elbe River 4. May 8, 1945 – V-E Day a. the Germans surrendered 5. July 1945 – Potsdam Conference a. Allies decided what to do with Germany b. issued an unconditional surrender to Japan “unconditionally surrender or face prompt and utter destruction”

V-E Day (May 8, 1945) General Keitel

Potsdam Conference

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 Cyanide & Pistols The Führer’s Bunker Mr. & Mrs. Hitler

Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945

The Pacific Theater

Pearl Harbor

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle: First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942

Victory Over Japan p. 123 the US adopted an "island-hopping" campaign to get to Japan used captured islands to launch bombers against Japanese cities Nov. 1943 - Battle of Tarawa Island a. of the 5,000 Japanese soldiers, only 17 were captured alive 4. early 1945 – Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa a. of 110,000 Japanese defenders, only 11,000 survived

Pacific Theater of Operations

Allied Counter-Offensive: “Island-Hopping”

Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle: First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942

Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942

Japanese Kamikaze Planes: The Scourge of the South Pacific Kamikaze Pilots Suicide Bombers

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi, Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

The Manhattan Project: Los Alamos, NM I am become death, the shatterer of worlds! Major General Lesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

Tinian Island, 1945 Little Boy Fat Man Enola Gay Crew

Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 70,000 killed immediately. 48,000 buildings. destroyed. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

5. August 6, 1945 – 1st atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima 6 5. August 6, 1945 – 1st atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima 6. August 9, 1945 – 2nd atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki 7. August 14, 1945 – Japan formally surrendered

Island Hopping

Atomic Bomb

Atomic Bomb

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Hiroshima

Hiroshima

Japanese A-Bomb Survivors

Radiation from the Atomic Bomb

Outcomes of World War II p. 123

Casualties p. 123 1. 50 million people died a. USSR – 13.7 million soldiers and 7 million civilians (20.7 million total) b. Germany – 3.5 million soldiers and 2.8 million civilians (6.3 million total) c. Japan - 1.3 million soldiers and 672,000 civilians (2 million total) d. France – 210,000 soldiers and 350,000 civilians (560,000 total) e. Britain – 264,000 soldiers and 93,000 civilians (357,000 total) f. U.S. – 292,000 soldiers 6,000 civilians (298,000 total) g. China – 2 million soldiers and 7.8 million civilians (9.8 million total) h. Poland – 123,000 soldiers and 5.7 million civilians (5.8 million total)

establishment of two major powers The US and the USSR Created a fierce rivalry between the two countries

War Crimes Trials p. 123 November 1945 – September 1946 – Nuremburg Trials for Nazi leaders 2. Japanese military leaders were also tried for war crimes

United Nations p. 123 replaced the failed League of Nations quickly drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government

Division of Europe – the Iron Curtain the USSR took control of many Eastern European countries and established communist governments there 2. western Europe remained democratic

Postwar Germany and Japan

Efforts for reconstruction of Germany p. 125 1. democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin 2. Germany and Berlin divided among the four Allied powers 3. West Germany soon became an economic power in postwar Europe

Efforts for reconstruction of Japan 1. US occupation of Japan under MacArthur’s administration a. kept the emperor as a figure head b. set up a democratic government 2. helped rebuild Japanese cities and economy a. Japan soon became an economic power in Asia 3. elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities 4. United States’ guarantee of Japan’s security

Times Square, NYC