SAVE FUEL By – Shivam Patel Std – IX A St. Kabir School, Naranpura

WHAT IS FUEL ? A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases chemical or nuclear energy as heat or to be used for work. Fuels are contrasted with other substances or devices storing potential energy, such as those that directly release electrical energy or mechanical energy.

HISTORY OF FUEL The first known use of fuel was the combustion of wood or sticks by Homo erectus nearly 2,000,000 years ago Throughout most of human history fuels derived from plants or animal fat were only used by humans. 

Secondary (artificial) CHEMICAL FUELS Primary (natural) Secondary (artificial) Solid fuels wood, coal, peat,  dungetc. coke, charcoal Liquid fuels petroleum diesel, gasoline, kerosene, LPG, coal tar, naphtha, ethanol Gaseous fuels natural gas hydrogen, propane, methane, coal gas, water gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, CNG

SOLID,LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUEL Solid fuel refers to various types of solid material that are used as fuel to produce energy and provide heating, usually released through combustion. Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy. Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous. Many fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons(such as methane or propane), hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or mixtures thereof.

SOLID,LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUEL

FOSSIL FUELS AND BIO FUELS Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and petroleum , formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass. Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power—known as biomass fuel.

Specific energy (MJ/kg) The amount of energy from different types of fuel depends on the stoichiometric ratio, the chemically correct air and fuel ratio to ensure complete combustion of fuel, and its Specific energy, the energy per unit mass. Fuel Specific energy (MJ/kg) AFR stoich. FAR stoich. Energy Diesel 48 14.5 : 1 0.069 : 1 3.310 Ethanol 26.4 9 : 1 0.111 : 1 2.933 Gasoline 46.4 14.7 : 1 0.068 : 1 3.156 Hydrogen 142 34.3 : 1 0.029 : 1 4.140 Kerosene 46 15.6 : 1 0.064 : 1 2.949 LPG 17.2 : 1 0.058 : 1 2.698 Methanol 19.7 6.47 : 1 0.155 : 1 3.045 Nitromethane 11.63 1.7 : 1 0.588 : 1 6.841

REFINING PETROLEUM he crude oil distillation unit (CDU) is the first processing unit in virtually all petroleum refineries. The CDU distills the incoming crude oil into various fractions of different boiling ranges, each of which are then processed further in the other refinery processing units. The CDU is often referred to as the atmospheric distillation unit because it operates at slightly above atmospheric pressure. Below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit. The incoming crude oil is preheated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams. It is then desalted to remove inorganic salts (primarily sodium chloride).

REFINING PETROLEUM Following the desalter, the crude oil is further heated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams. It is then heated in a fuel-fired furnace (fired heater) to a temperature of about 398 °C and routed into the bottom of the distillation unit. The cooling and condensing of the distillation tower overhead is provided partially by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil and partially by either an air-cooled or water-cooled condenser. Additional heat is removed from the distillation column by a pumparound system as shown in the diagram below.

REFINING PETROLEUM As shown in the flow diagram, the overhead distillate fraction from the distillation column is naphtha. The fractions removed from the side of the distillation column at various points between the column top and bottom are called side cuts. Each of the side cuts is cooled by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil. All of the fractions are sent to intermediate storage tanks before being processed further.

SAVE FUEL Avoid Long Idling :- The worst mileage a vehicle can get is 0 mpg, which occurs when it idles. Idling for long periods of time, whether at a railroad crossing or pulling off the road to make a cell phone call, consumes gas that could be saved by simply turning off the engine.  Clean Out the Trunk and Eliminate Unnecessary Weight  :- Vehicles get much better mileage when they’re not loaded with unnecessary weight. Every 200 lbs. of additional weight trims one mile off fuel efficiency. 

SAVE FUEL Encourage Carpooling  Encourage Drivers to Observe Posted Speed Limits  The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates a 10- to 15-percent improvement in fuel economy by driving 55 mph instead of 65 mph. Encourage Carpooling Employers can help employees form carpools through rideshare organizations, which help potential carpoolers locate others nearby with similar schedules.