How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

Standardized Test Prep Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

Chapter 26 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Fungi Section 2 Classification of Fungi Section 3 Fungi and Humans

Chapter 26 Objectives List the characteristics of fungi. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Objectives List the characteristics of fungi. Describe how fungi obtain nutrients. Distinguish between hyphae and a mycelium. Compare the ways fungi reproduce. Describe one hypothesis about the origin of fungi.

Chapter 26 Characteristics Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics Fungi are eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms can be unicellular or multicellular Most are multicellular heterotrophs Molds: tangled masses of filaments from cells Yeasts: unicellular fungi whose colonies resemble bacteria Mycology: the study of fungi

Characteristics, continued Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics, continued Obtaining Nutrients Fungi are among the most important decomposers of organic matter. (saprophytes-important recyclers) Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes and absorbing simple organic molecules through the cell wall from their environment.

Characteristics, cont…Structure of Fungi Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics, cont…Structure of Fungi Fungi are made up of short filaments called hyphae. Mats of hyphae are called mycelium. Some species have partitions called septa in their hyphae, making individual cells. Coenocytic hyphae don’t have septa Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose, which is found in plant cell walls. Dimorphism: the ability of some fungi to exist in two different forms – single cell or mycelial Due to changes in temperature or nutrients

Characteristics of Fungi Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Hyphae in Fungi

Body Structure of Fungi Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Body Structure of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Reproduction Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual Reproduction Asexually, fungi produce thousands of genetically identical haploid spores, usually on modified cells of the hyphae. When these spores are placed in favorable environmental conditions, they germinate and grow new hyphae, each of which can form a mycelium and produce thousands of new asexual spores.

Reproduction, continued Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Reproduction, continued Asexually… Sporangiophores: specialized hyphae that look like upright plant stalks Sporangium: the sac at the top of the sporangiophore Sporangiospores: spores inside each sporangium

Asexual Reproduction, continued Conidia: spores formed without the protection of a sac Conidiophores: tops of the stalk-like structure where conidia are formed Penicillin and some cheeses are produced from these fungi

Asexual Reproduction cont… Fragmentation: a process where septate hyphae dries and shatters, releasing cells that act as spores (example: Athlete foot fungus) Budding: asexual process in which part of a yeast cell pinches off to produce a small offspring cell

Reproduction, continued Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Reproduction, continued Sexual Reproduction Fungi occur in mating types that are sometimes called minus and plus. (no male/female) When two different mating types of the same species encounter one another, the hyphae of one mating type fuse with the hyphae of the opposite mating type. These fused hyphae give rise to a specialized structure, which produces and scatters genetically diverse spores.

Chapter 26 Sexual Reproduction Section 1 Overview of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 26 Evolution Fungi evolved about 460 million years ago. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Evolution Fungi evolved about 460 million years ago. First fungi were unicellular and clung together after mitosis Came around about the same time as early plants Fungi probably evolved from endosymbiotic prokaryotes and then adapted to various terrestrial environments.

Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Objectives List characteristics that distinguish three phyla of fungi. Compare the life cycles of zygomycetes, basidiomycetes, and ascomycetes. Distinguish between mycorrhizae and lichens. Explain the importance of mycorrhizae and lichens to the environment.

Chapter 26 Types of Fungi Section 2 Classification of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 26 Phylum Zygomycota Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Phylum Zygomycota The phylum Zygomycota is coenocytic (their hyphae lack septa). Asexual sporangiospores form within sacs called sporangia. Sexual reproduction results in zygospores.

Phylum Zygomycota Most terrestrial organisms found in organic rich soil Hyphae coenocytic Contain rhizoids: hyphae that anchor into the surface and produce digestive enzymes Contain stolons: hyphae that grow across the surface

Phylum Zygomycota (cont.) Example: common bread fungus Reproduce sexually through conjugation Hyphae combine at tip to form gametangium, once they fuse, forms a zygosporangium, which undergoes meiosis and eventually produces a zygospore, from which a sporangiophore and a sporangium with haploid spores develops

Life Cycle of Zygomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Zygomycetes

Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 26 Phylum Basidiomycota Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Phylum Basidiomycota The phylum Basidiomycota includes mushrooms. Mushrooms are spore-bearing, aboveground sexual reproductive structures called basidiocarps. Entire mushroom: basidiocarp, Stem: stalk, flattened structure: cap, underneath cap: gill (location of basidia) Basidiocarps produce small, clublike reproductive structures called basidia, on which basidiospores form.

Phylum Basidiomycota (cont.) Basidia contain two nuclei (dikaryotic) which fuse together eventually forming four basidoiospores Basidiospores germinate to produce haploid mycelia that grow underground When hyphae of compatible basidoiospores encounter one another, hyphae may fuse forming a new basidiocarp

Structure of a Mushroom Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Structure of a Mushroom

Chapter 26 Parts of a Mushroom Section 2 Classification of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes

Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Phylum Ascomycota or sac fungi… Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Phylum Ascomycota or sac fungi… …The most numerous of the fungi Distinguished by the presence of saclike compartments where sexually produced spores form Example: sac fungi, yeast, penicilliium mold Yeast are unicellular Ascomycota and they reproduce asexually by budding. Yeast are used in brewing, baking, and genetic engineering.

Phylum Ascomycota or sac fungi…(cont.) Hyphae form a cup-shaped ascocarp, in which ascospores form. The female gametangium (ascogonium) and the male gametangium – (antheridium) form a tube between them where the nuclei of the male crosses and fuses forming a cup (ascocarp) Sacs within the ascocarp called asci form spores called ascospores

Life Cycle of Ascomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Penicilliium Mold

Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Phylum Ascomycota, continued Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Phylum Ascomycota, continued Deuteromycota Fungi that do not have a sexual stage are classified in a group called fungi imperfecti, or deuteromycota.

Mycorrhizae and Lichens Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Mycorrhizae and Lichens Mycorrhizae are symbiotic structures that form between plant roots and a fungus. The fungus provides certain ions and other nutrients to the plant and, in turn, the fungus gets sugars from the plant.

Mycorrhizae A symbiotic structure formed between fungi and plant roots 80% of vascular plants have this on their roots Fungus gives nitrogen, phosphate, and other ions to plant- plant provides glucose

Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Lichens… … represent symbiotic relationships between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria or green algae. Symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner (usually green algae) Fungus provides shelter and moisture, while algae provides glucose

Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Objectives Describe three ways that fungi cause disease in humans. List three ways that fungi contribute to good health. Provide examples of fungi’s industrial importance. List three types of food that fungi provide.

Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases Fungi can cause disease in humans when humans inhale airborne spores, when they eat food contaminated by toxic fungi, when toxic fungi come in contact with skin, or when they accidentally eat poisonous mushrooms.

Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases Common Fungal Infections Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases Common Fungal Infections Examples of common fungal infections include ringworm, athlete’s foot, and yeast infection.

Human Fungal Diseases, continued Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases, continued Other Fungal Illnesses Spores being inhaled cause respiratory system problems Pathogenic fungi that cause serious disease include Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides immitis. H. capsulatum is associated with bird feces. The eating of poisonous mushrooms Aflatoxins: poisons produced by some species- can cause liver cancer

Chapter 26 Fungi in Industry Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Fungi in Industry Various fungi are used in the production of vitamin B2, cortisone, penicillin and other antibiotics, and some genetically engineered drugs.

Fungi in Industry, continued Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Fungi in Industry, continued Fungi and Food Industries Fungi are used in the production of familiar foods such as cheeses, bread, beer, wines, and soy products.

Chapter 26 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What are fungi that feed on decaying organic matter called? A. parasites B. mutualists C. symbionts D. saprophytes

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. What are fungi that feed on decaying organic matter called? A. parasites B. mutualists C. symbionts D. saprophytes

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Lichens represent a symbiotic association between a fungus and which other type of organism? F. an alga G. a plant H. a mold J. a rhizoid

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Lichens represent a symbiotic association between a fungus and which other type of organism? F. an alga G. a plant H. a mold J. a rhizoid

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. In a mycorrhiza, a fungus lives in a symbiotic relationship with which of the following? A. a virus B. a plant C. a bacterium D. a slime mold

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. In a mycorrhiza, a fungus lives in a symbiotic relationship with which of the following? A. a virus B. a plant C. a bacterium D. a slime mold

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below shows the fruiting bodies of a type of fungus. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the structure labeled X called? F. a hypha G. a zygote H. a sporangium J. a sporangiospore

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the structure labeled X called? F. a hypha G. a zygote H. a sporangium J. a sporangiospore

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. To what phylum does the fungus in the diagram above belong? A. Ascomycota B. Zygomycota C. Basidiomycota D. fungi imperfecti

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. To what phylum does the fungus in the diagram above belong? A. Ascomycota B. Zygomycota C. Basidiomycota D. fungi imperfecti

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. septa : septum :: asci : F. ascus G. ascocarp H. ascospore J. ascogonium

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. septa : septum :: asci : F. ascus G. ascocarp H. ascospore J. ascogonium

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below shows the typical structure of a member of the phylum Basidiomycota. Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. Which structure is responsible for meeting the food requirements of the organism shown? A. F B. G C. H D. J

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. Which structure is responsible for meeting the food requirements of the organism shown? A. F B. G C. H D. J

Chapter 26 Short Response Standardized Test Prep Short Response Fungi are important decomposers that break down organic matter. Explain how fungi contribute to nutrient recycling in the environment.

Short Response, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Fungi are important decomposers that break down organic matter. Explain how fungi contribute to nutrient recycling in the environment. Answer: Fungi break down organic compounds in decaying material, making the chemicals available for other organisms.

Chapter 26 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. Fungi are major competitors with humans for food. Part A Explain what needs humans and fungi have in common. Part B Explain why fungi could easily win the battle for nutrients.

Extended Response, continued Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Fungi and humans both need water and other nutrients from the environment. They both depend on autotrophs for food. Part B Fungi are able to reproduce more rapidly than humans.