Lecture: The Abolition Movement Objective: to understand the origins of the abolition movement, to evaluate the influence abolitionists had on the antislavery movement.

How did abolitionists influence the antislavery movement? Essential Question

Abolition Definition: A complete end to slavery Abolitionist: some one that works toward a complete end to slavery. Emancipation: The immediate freedom from the control of another person.

Early Efforts to End Slavery 1800s - slavery ended in Northern states, continued in the South The Quakers led many of the antislavery groups At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates compromised and allowed each state decide whether to allow slavery

The first abolitionists were Quakers and free blacks. George fox Religion: Slavery Immoral Freed Slaves All Equal under God Propaganda: brochures, travels, meetings. As early as 1657, George Fox the founder of Quakerism in a letter of caution To Friends beyond the sea, that have Blacks and Indian slaves reminded Quaker slave owners that everyone was equal in the sight of God. Quakers believed that all people had the same `spark of divinity,' making slavery immoral. Quakers were among the first to free their slaves. Some Quakers traveled the countryside urging slave-owners to free their slaves.

Spreading the Message Newspapers/Books Speaking Tours Groups The Liberator: poetry and literature The North Star & Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Speaking Tours Some white activist: Angelina and Sarah Grimke Freed African Americans: Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth… Groups American Anti-Slavery Society: wanted an end to slavery immediately Northstar & book written by Douglass he wrote three autobiographies The women were important to the movement later, early on they wer discriminated against…many men felt they should be seperated.

Benjamin Banneker was a free black born in Maryland. Published an almanac that rivaled Franklin's for accuracy achievements as proof that intelligence is not a factor of skin color. Mathematician and astronomer John Adams cited Banneker’s achievements as proof that intelligence is not a factor of skin color.

American Colonization Society The American Colonization Society Formed in 1816 - VI The first African American settled in Liberia 1822 and 1865 between 12,000 and 20,000 African Americans Despite their efforts, slavery grew during this time Most African Americans resisted The American Colonization Society wanted to return African Americans to Africa and the Caribbean Formed in 1816 by a group of white Virginians- Bought their freedom and sent them abroad The first African American settled in Liberia (Latin for “place of freedom”) 1822 and 1865 between 12,000 and 20,000 African Americans settled in Liberia Despite their efforts, slavery grew during this time Most African Americans did not want to go to Africa because their families were here In the 1820s, a large anti-slavery movement emerged, supported by southerners and represented by organizations such as the American Colonization Society. Oppised slavery but no harmony move to Liberia

President James Monroe, Chief Justice John Marshall and House Speaker Henry Clay were supporters of the colonization movement. And even Southern slaveowners who rejected abolition often supported colonization of free blacks. By 1860, nearly 11,000 blacks had gone to Liberia in West Africa, and helped found and build that country. But most blacks refused colonization, insisting that the U. S. was their home.

A B C D When and by whom was the American Colonization Society formed? Section 2 When and by whom was the American Colonization Society formed? A. In 1816 by abolitionists from Massachusetts B. In 1816 by white Virginians C. In 1820 by transcendentalists D. In 1820 by former enslaved African Americans. A B C D

William Lloyd Garrison Religion and natural rights Extreme/harsh Liberator News paper William Lloyd Garrison was one of the most uncompromising abolitionists of his day. He was completely unwilling to compromise on slavery. Slaveowners were evil and should not receive reimbursement for slaves freed by legislation. Abolition must be complete, immediate, and without compensation. Garrison didn't care what other social or economic problems might be caused by immediate emancipation. His words were so extreme and so harsh that he alienated many people who might otherwise have supported his cause. In the South, Garrison was despised as one who encouraged slaves to revolt. Copies of his antislavery newspaper “The Liberator” were banned, and a $5,000 reward was offered to anyone who would capture Garrison and bring him to Georgia to stand trial.

-- William Lloyd Garrison “I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – and I WILL BE HEARD!” -- William Lloyd Garrison

Printed Abolitionist propaganda, prohibitionist Killed for his beliefs Elijah P. Lovejoy was another extreme abolitionist. He also spoke out against alcohol, but it was his abolitionist views that angered his neighbors. An angry mob broke into his printing office in 1837. They dumped his printing press into the Mississippi River, burned his office, and murdered him. Elijah P. Lovejoy Printed Abolitionist propaganda, prohibitionist Killed for his beliefs

Published: “American Slavery As It Is.” Theodore Weld Published: “American Slavery As It Is.” Married abolitionists Angelina Grimke A more successful abolitionist was Theodore Dwight Weld. He tried to build a large antislavery movement by appealing to the consciences of Midwestern farmers and church groups. Weld published a collection of newspaper articles detailing the horrors of slavery under the title, “American Slavery As It Is.” Weld especially focused on southern accounts, in order to counter southern claims that slave abuse almost never occurred. Weld was married to Angelina Grimke. She and her sister Sarah were from a slaveholding family in South Carolina, but had been converted to abolition by Quakers. Many conventional Americans were shocked by the idea of two women speaking out publicly against slavery. Both women spoke out powerfully against slavery. Many conventional Americans were shocked by the idea of two women speaking out in public.

In the North, free blacks involved in the abolition movement. Could tell of slavery's horrors based on personal experience. In the North, free blacks could become involved in the abolition movement. Some black abolitionists had once been slaves themselves, and could tell of slavery's horrors based on personal experience.

Henry Highland Garnett and Frederick Douglass. Two leading black abolitionists were Henry Highland Garnett and Frederick Douglass. As rivals for black abolitionist leadership, they also demonstrated the divisions within the movement. Garnett was the more militant of the two, and as early as 1843 was calling for slaves to rise up against their owners and make themselves free. Garnett believed that any violence done by slaves in the act of freeing themselves was justified on the grounds of self defense. His stated believe was that it was better to die free than live as slaves. Frederick Douglass was the best orator, black or white, in the movement. He had escaped slavery as a youth, taught himself to read and write, and published his Autobiography in 1845. He disagreed with Garnett on the role of violence in abolition, but not on the degradations of slavery. He worked tirelessly with white politicians and social leaders throughout the 1840s and `50s, and beyond the Civil War. Until his death in 1895, Douglass spoke out on behalf of black equality, the rights of working people, and for the right of women to vote. Henry Highland Garnett and Frederick Douglass.

Isabella Baumfree had been born a slave, and changed her name to Sojourner Truth when she became free. Although she was illiterate, Truth stood six feet tall and was a powerful speaker who sometimes in her speeches used songs she had composed. Harriet Tubman was a runaway slave from Maryland. She aided the movement by working as a `conductor' on the Underground Railroad, an informal network of abolitionists who hid runaway slaves fleeing to Canada. Harriet Tubman was the most famous conductor (At least 70 people were freed) Black women such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman also played major roles in the antislavery movement.

The Underground Railroad Underground Railroad: network of escape routes from the South to the North Passengers traveled at night Stations (Barns, basements, and attics) Conductors :whites and African Americans who helped the runaways to freedom in Northern States and Canada Some risked prison and death by helping African Americans escape slavery The network of escape routes from the South to the North was called the Underground Railroad “Passengers” traveled at night Rested at “stations” (Barns, basements, and attics) The railroad’s “conductors” were whites and African Americans who helped the runaways to freedom in Northern States and Canada Harriet Tubman was the most famous conductor (At least 70 people were freed) The Underground Railroad helped only a tiny fraction of the enslaved population But it gave hope to people who suffered under slavery and abolitionists a practical way to help enslaved African Americans At the risk of her own freedom and safety, Tubman returned to slave states nineteen time to guide other blacks to freedom.

Quilt Patterns Monkey Wrench Drunkard’s Path Bow tie Bear Claw Trail Monkey wrench-time to get “tools” together to leave Drunkard’s Path- remind to take a zig zag path & may have shown placements of stations along raliroad Bow tie- to dress-up …many escaped slaves would be given clothes from conductors to blend in with the community outside of the plantations Bear Claw Trail- to take the bear path in the woods to stay out of danger...being followed.

Section 2 Although the Underground Railroad was able to help only a small number of slaves, how did it empower the Abolitionist movement? A. It gave abolitionists a practical way to help enslaved African Americans. B. It helped raise money to buy freedom for slaves. C. It helped create a better railway system in the Southern United States. D. It helped to educate slaveholders. A B C D

Clashes Over Abolitionism Many Southerners opposed the idea of ending slavery Threatened Southern Economy and lifestly Only a small percentage of Northerners were abolitionists Many Northerners saw the Antislavery movement as a threat . Many Northerners believed that once freed African Americans could not blend into American society Many Northerners feared they would lose their jobs to emancipated workers who would work for less money

Clashes Over Abolitionism Continued Many Northerners feared they would lose their jobs to emancipated workers who would work for less money Opposition to abolition sometimes became violent

The South Reacts Southerners defended slavery Said that slavery was essential to the Southern economy and allowed Southern whites to reach a high level of culture Southerners said they treated slaves well They said the system of slavery provided food, clothing, and medical care to its workers

North v. South South: North: Slavery Necessary Treat slaves well Based on racism North: Most believed slavery was wrong, but… Freed slaves would not blend in Take jobs from white men Begin a war between the North & South Did not want slavery to expand west

Section 2 Which of the following arguments did pro-slavery Southerners use against abolition? A. They claimed that slave labor was essential to the South, allowing Southern whites to reach a high level of culture. B. They argued that many abolitionists were also secretly slaveholders. C. They argued that abolitionists only wanted to free enslaved workers so that they could work in Northern factories. D. They stated that abolitionists wanted to steal Southerners’ farms. A B C D

How did abolitionists influence the antislavery movement? Published antislavery newspapers Organized antislavery societies Bought enslaved workers to free them and send them abroad Lectured and wrote books to promote their views Helped enslaved Africans escape to the North on the Underground Railroad Essential Question