IDENTITY: RACE, ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY

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IDENTITY: RACE, ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY Chapter 5

What Is Identity, and How Are Identities Constructed? Identity: “How we make sense of ourselves” – Rose How identities are established Through experiences, emotions , connections, and rejections A snapshot of who we are at a point in time Fluid, constantly changing, shifting, becoming Vary across scales, and affect each other across scales Identifying against (defining the other and then defining ourselves as “not that”)

Gender “A culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.” – Domosh and Seager

Race A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics Social and political constructions Based on ideas that some biological differences are more important than others Major element in colonialism and imperialism Typically imposed on people through Residential segregation Racialized divisions of labor Racial categories defined by governments

U.S. Population by Race 2000. Census option of one or more than one race 2050. White, non-Hispanic population no longer the majority

Residential Segregation The “degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment.” – Massey and Denton Highest rate of residential segregation for African Americans: Milwaukee, WI

Residential Segregation Lowest rate of residential segregation  For Hispanics/Latinos: Baltimore  For Asians/Pacific Islanders: Baltimore

How Do Places Affect Identity, and How Can We See Identities in Places? Sense of place: Infusion of places with meaning and feeling, with memories and emotions Becomes part of our identity Effect of identity on ways we define and experience place

Ethnicity A constructed identity that is tied to a place Based on Cultural (not Physical) traits Comes from idea that people are closely bounded, even related, in a place over time Often result of migration May change in meaning with migration

Changes in Ethnic Space Few Chinese residents in Mexicali’s Chinatown Continued important place for the region’s Chinese population

Identity and Space Space: “Social relations stretched out” Place: “Particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location” Massey and Jess Place making in the context of surrounding social relationships

Sexuality and Space Heteronormative: Viewpoint that white, heterosexual, male is “normal” Identity cluster How spaces are created What problems they have Queer theory: Focuses on political engagement of “queers” with the “heteronormative”

Sexuality and Space

Power Relationships and How People Are Counted The U.S. Census undercounts Minority populations The homeless Gross National Income (GNI) does not count Unpaid work of women in the household Work done by rural women in poorer countries The informal economy: Private, often home-based activities such as tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation

Gender Empowerment Measure

Women in Subsaharan Africa Populate much of the rural areas, as men migrate to cities for work Produce 70% of the region’s food Small percentage of women have legal title to their land

Dowry Deaths in India Murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to dowry deaths Female infanticide also tied to the disempowerment of women

Ethnic Groups in Los Angeles Barrioization: When the population of a neighborhood changes over largely to Hispanics. Changes in cultural landscapes to reflect changing populations. Strife usually tied to economic change